Machine Guarding

MODULE 19

What hazards exist?

Crushed by or drawn into equipment Struck by moving parts Struck by failed components or particles

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Key parts of machines

1. Point of operation: where work is performed on the material, such as cutting, shaping, boring, or forming of stock. 2. Power Transmission Device: transmits energy to the part of the machine performing the work
Includes flywheels, pulleys, belts, connecting rods, couplings, cams, spindles, chains, cranks, and gears.
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Key parts of machines

3. Operation Controls: Control mechanisms 4. Other moving parts: can include reciprocating, rotating, and transverse moving parts, feed mechanisms, and auxiliary parts of the machine

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Hazards to be Guarded
Things to guard include
In-running nip points Rotating equipment Flying chips or sparks Belts or gears Parts that impact or shear

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Rotating Parts
Can grip hair or clothing Can force the body into a dangerous position Projecting pieces increase risk

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In-Running Nip Points

Between 2 rotating parts Between rotating and tangential parts Between rotating and fixed parts which shear, crush, or abrade

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Reciprocating Parts
Risk of being struck between stationary and moving part

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Transverse motion
Continuous straight line motion Worker struck or caught in pinch or shear point

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Cutting action
Direct injury from cutting action Flying chips or sparks Saws, drills, lathes, mills

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Punching action
Ram stamps materials Danger at point of operation

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Shearing action
Powered blade that shears materials Hazard at point of operation

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Bending action
Power applied to a slide to stamp/shape materials Hazard at point of operation

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Guarding Principles
Prevent contact between hazardous moving parts and body or clothing Secure guard: not easily removed Protect from objects falling into machinery No new hazards: sharp/rough edges No interference with job/comfort/speed Allow safe lubrication: without removing guards if possible
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Guarding Methods
Location / distance Guards
Fixed Interlocked Adjustable Self-adjusting

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Guarding Methods
Devices
Presence sensing Pullback Restraint Safety controls (tripwire cable, two-hand control, etc.) Gates

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Guarding Methods
Feeding & ejection methods
Automatic and/or semi-automatic feed and ejection

Robots Miscellaneous aids

Awareness barriers Protective shields Hand-feeding tools
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Fixed Guard
Barrier is a permanent part of machine Preferable over other types

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Interlocked Guard
Stops motion when guard is opened or removed
Interlocked guard on revolving drum

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Adjustable Guard
Barrier may be adjusted for variable operations
What are the drawbacks?

Bandsaw blade adjustable guard

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Self-Adjusting Guard
Adjusts according to size/position of material
Circular table saw self-adjusting guard

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Pullback Device
Cables attached to operators hands or wrists Removes hands from point of operation during danger period
What are the drawbacks?
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Restraint Device
Cables attached to fixed point and wrists or hands Adjustable to let hands travel in predetermined area May be accompanied by hand-feeding tools
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Safety Tripwire Cable

Device located around the perimeter of or near the danger area Operator must be able to reach the cable to stop the machine
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Two-Hand Control
Requires constant pressure on both pads to activate the machine Hands on controls at safe distance while machine is in dangerous cycle
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Gate
Must close fully to protect user before cycle will start

Gate Open
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Gate Closed
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Safeguarding by Location/Distance
Location of hazardous parts that is inaccessible or not a hazard during normal operation Must maintain safe distance Training, warning, communication necessary

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Protective Shields
Protection from flying particles or splashing fluids Do not protect completely from machine hazards

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What regulations apply?

29 CFR 1910 Subpart O 29 CFR 1910 Subpart P for hand and portable power tools API RP 54 6.8 Machinery and Tools

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Machinery and Machine Guarding

29 CFR 1910 SUBPART O

Organization
211.Definitions 212.General requirements for all machines 213.Woodworking machinery requirements 215.Abrasive wheel machinery 216.Mills and calenders in the rubber and plastics industries 217.Mechanical power presses 218.Forging machines 219.Mechanical power-transmission apparatus
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General Requirements

29 CFR 1910.212

1910.212(a) Machine guarding

1. One or more types of guarding to protect from hazards.

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Barrier guards Two-hand tripping devices Electronic safety devices Etc. Guard must not cause its own hazard
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2. Affixed to machine where possible

1910.212(a) Machine guarding

3.
ii.

Point of operation guarding:

Guarded if exposes employee to injury
According to standards or Keep any part of body out of danger zone

iii. iv.

Hand tools to permit material handling in addition to guards, not instead Examples of machines requiring guards on point of operation
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1910.212(a) Machine guarding

4. Revolving barrels, drums, containers guarded by interlocked enclosure (cannot turn without guard in place) 5. Exposure to fan blades: guard openings 1/2 inch

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1910.212(b) Anchoring fixed machinery

Machines designed for fixed location must be anchored to prevent moving
This pedestal grinder is designed for anchoring, but is not anchored

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Abrasive Wheel Machinery

29 CFR 1910.215

1910.215(a) General requirements

Abrasive wheels must be guarded, with exceptions Guard design dependent on type of work and type of wheel

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1910.215(a) General requirements

Work rests:
Rigid, clamped in place securely Adjusted to within 1/8 inch of wheel Never adjusted while in motion

Work rest is closely adjusted

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1910.215(b)(9) Exposure adjustment

For type where operator stands in front of opening: Adjustable for decreasing wheel size Adjustable tongue guard must never be more than inch from wheel

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1910.215(d) Mounting
Inspect for damage and ring test immediately before mounting
Tap with light nonmetallic implement (screwdriver, wooden mallet) If sound is dead, cracked ring may not be used

Check spindle speed against maximum for wheel

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Ring Test

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29 CFR 1910.219

Mechanical Power-Transmission Apparatus

Organization of 1910.219
(a) General requirements (b) Prime-mover guards
(1) Flywheels (2) Cranks and connecting rods (3) Tail rods or extension piston rods

(c) Shafting (d) Pulleys

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Organization of 1910.219
(e) Belt, rope, and chain drives (f) Gears, sprockets, and chains (g) Guarding friction drives (h) Keys, setscrews, and other projections (i) Collars and couplings (j) Bearings and facilities for oiling (k) Guarding of clutches, cutoff couplings, and clutch pulleys
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Organization of 1910.219
(l) Belt shifters, clutches, shippers, poles, perches, and fasteners (m) Standard guards-general requirements (o) Approved materials (p) Care of equipment

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Hazards on Oil and Gas Sites

Machine Guarding

Parts Requiring Guarding

Drive belts and shafts mud pumps and tank area Pony rods Rotating parts Shale shaker Agitator shafts & couplings Moving generator parts
(explore)
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Mud Pumps

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Shale Shaker

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Generators

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Parts Requiring Guarding

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Air compressors Crown sheaves Kelly bushing or controls Rotary chain drive Air hoist line Drawworks Bench grinder wheels
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Crown Sheaves

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Kelly and Bushing

Alternative Abatement: STD 1-12.28 CH-1

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Drawworks

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Parts Requiring Guarding

Belts, drive chains, gears and drives on power and hand tools Traveling blocks Sheaves Cathead?

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Drilling Line

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Traveling Block

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Hoisting Line

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Safety Responsibilities

Machine Guarding

Safety Responsibilities
Management:
Ensure all machinery is properly guarded

Supervisors:
Train employees on specific guard rules in their areas Ensure machine guards remain in place and are functional Immediately correct machine guard deficiencies

Employees:
Do not remove guards unless machine is locked and tagged Report machine guard problems to supervisors immediately Do not operate equipment unless guards are in place
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Training
Operators/affected employees should receive training on:
Hazards associated with particular machines How the safeguards provide protection and the hazards for which they are intended How and why to use the safeguards How and when safeguards can be removed and by whom What to do if a safeguard is damaged, missing, or unable to provide adequate protection
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Hand and Portable Power Tools

29 CFR 1910 Subpart P and 1926 Subpart I

Construction vs. General Industry

Construction, alteration, or repair? Applicable standard depends on type of operations:
1910 Subpart P: Hand and Portable Powered Tools and Other Hand-Held Equipment 1926 Subpart I: Tools Hand and Power

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1910.242 General
Employer is responsible for safe condition of tools and equipment
Including equipment furnished by employee

Compressed air must not be used for cleaning unless:

Reduced to <30 p.s.i. Only with effective chip guarding and PPE
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1910.243(a) Portable powered tools

Portable circular saws >2 in. guarded

Automatic return to covering position

Switches and controls:

constant pressure control for circular and chain saws other controls for other tools as appropriate

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1910.243(a) Portable powered tools

Portable belt sanding machine guarding
Nip points Unused run of sanding belt

Cracked saws: remove from service Grounding: Meet Subpart S

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1910.243(b) Pneumatic powered tools and hose

Tool retainer to prevent ejection Airhose designed for applied pressure and service

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1910.243 Guarding of portable powered tools

c. Portable abrasive wheels:
Must be guarded Ring test and inspection

d. Explosive actuated fastening tools e. Power lawnmowers

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Guarding Controls and shutoff device Labeling, manuals Design

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1910.244 Other portable tools and equipment

a. Jacks
Loading and marking Operation and maintenance

b. Abrasive blast cleaning nozzles: operating valve and support

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1926.300 General requirements

Maintained in safe condition whether furnished by employer or employee Shall be guarded when designed to accommodate guards Moving parts that create hazards shall be guarded by one or more methods Fan openings; anchoring machinery
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1926.300 General requirements

Abrasive wheel guards PPE if necessary for objects, particles, gases Allowable switches by tool type

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1926.301 Hand tools

Use of unsafe hand tools not permitted Wrenches shall not be used when jaws are sprung to the point of slippage
Including adjustable, pipe, end & socket wrenches

Impact tools shall be kept free of mushroomed heads

Such as drift pins, wedges & chisels

Wooden handles shall be kept

Free of splinters or cracks Tight in the tool
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1926.302 Power-operated hand tools

Electric power-operated tools
Double-insulated or grounded Never hold by the cord

Pneumatic power-operated tools

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Secure tools, attachments, and muzzle Compressed air use restrictions Never hold by the hose Reduce pressure in case of hose failure
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1926.302 Power-operated hand tools

Fuel operated tools
Stop while refueling or servicing Watch concentrations in enclosed spaces

Hydraulic power tools

Fire-resistant fluids Safe operating pressures

Powder-actuated tools
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1926 Subpart I Organization

1926.303 Abrasive wheels and tools 1926.304 Woodworking tools 1926.305 Jacks 1926.306 Air receivers 1926.307 Mechanical powertransmission apparatus

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