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SOME CONCEPTS
PART - II
By
Rakesh Sharma, Officer Surveyor
Marine Geodesy Wing
Geodetic & Research Branch
MOTIONS OF THE SUN AND MOON
BEGINNING with the motion of the sun, it is
well known that the apparent path of the sun
through the heaven is in a plane cutting what is
known as the celestial sphere in a path called
the ecliptic. The plane of the ecliptic is inclined
at a constant angle of 23° 27' to the plane of the
equator. The point where the apparent path of
the sun crosses the equator from south to north
is called. by historical custom, “the first point
of Aries” (denoted by 'γ '), or, alternatively,
“the vernal equinox”
The position of any heavenly body is defined by:
Its "longitude," which is the angular distance eastward along the
ecliptic, measured from the vernal equinox, and its "latitude,"
measured positively to the north of the ecliptic along a great
circle cutting the ecliptic at right angles.
Ecliptic
Equator
The apparent path of
the moon oscillates
somewhat about the
ecliptic and
observation shows
that while the moon
completes a
revolution, measured
along the ecliptic, in a
period of 27.3216
mean solar days, the
cycle of oscillation
north and south of the
ecliptic is completed
in 27.2122 mean solar
days.
INCLINATION OF SUN AND MOON’S PATH OVER
EQUATOR
MOON’S
PATH
ECLIPTIC
5° 08′
MOON’S
PATH
ECLIPTIC
EQUATOR
Therefore on the average this "regression of the nodes" will
be completed in
OBSERVED DATA
RESOLVED TIDE
SPEED OF THE CONSTITUENTS
Due to the fact that the plane of moon’s orbit rotates slowly, returning
to its original position in space after about 19 years, the magnitude
and phase of each constituent (F and E respectively) vary slowly on
either side of the values they would have if the moon’s orbit were
fixed. This variation could be allowed for by additional constituents,
but it has been found more convenient to allow for it by introducing a
factor “f” and a phase correction “u”, which vary slightly about their
mean values of unity and zero degrees respectively with a period of
about 19 years. In the majority of cases for any period less than a year
“u” and “f” can safely be assumed to be constant at the values
calculated for the mid-point of the period. These Nodal Corrections
“f” and “u” differ for constituent, year and date but are the same for a
particular constituent, year and date all over the world. Hence ‘F’ and
‘E’ must be replaced by fF and (E + u) so that a tide-raising force
constituent becomes fF cosine (E + u).
The Phase (E + u) of a Constituent of the
Tide-Raising Force
The angle ‘E’ may be regarded as the hour angle of a
fictitious satellite which moves round the earth at a known
constant angular velocity (the ‘speed’ of the constituent).
Hence the value of ‘E’, relative to any particular meridian on
the earth, can be calculated at any time. The value of ‘u’
depend only on the year and date, hence its value for any
particular day can be calculated; this value will be the same
for all meridians. The phase of a constituent, (E + u ), relative
to any particular meridian, is the sum of the two, and it can be
calculated for any year, date and time.
INPUT FOR THE HARMINIC ANALYSIS
OBSERVED DATA
RESOLVED TIDES
RECONSTITUTION OF RESOLVED TIDES
PREDICTIONS
RESOLVED TIDES