Chapter 20

The Industrial Revolution and Its Impact on

European Society
The Industrial Revolution in Great Britain
Origins
Agricultural revolution
Population growth
Capital for investment
Profit
Mineral resources
Government favorable to business
Markets
Technological Changes and New Forms of Industrial
Organization
Cotton Industry
Water frame, Cromptons mule, power looms
The Steam engine
Coal
Thomas Newcomen, atmospheric engine
James Watt (1736-1819)
Rotary engine
Flexibility of location great advantage
Cotton industry
The Iron Industry
Coke
A Revolution in Transportation
Railroad
Richard Trevithicks locomotive
George Stephensons Rocket
A Revolution in Transportation
Railroad
Richard Trevithicks locomotive
George Stephensons Rocket
The Industrial Factory
Factory laborers
Time-work discipline
Reinforcement by evangelical churches
Britains Great Exhibition of 1851
Crystal Palace
Great Exhibition
Prince Albert

The Industrial
Revolution in
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The Spread of Industrialization
Limitations to Industrialization
Lack of a transportation system
Upheavals of war
Traditional habits of business
Lack of technical education
Britain prohibits its artisans from leaving the country
Britain forbids exportation of machinery and parts
Friedrich List, National System of Political Economy,
1844
Industrialization the path to develop a nations strength
Encouragement of the spread of industrialization
Entrepreneurs with technical and business Skills
Technical schools
Government support
Joint-stock investment banks
Centers of Continental Industrialization
Cotton manufacturing
Belgium
France
Germany
Impact of the steam engine
Cotton industry in Britain
Iron and coal for heavy industry in Germany and France
The Industrial Revolution in the United States
Borrowing from Britain
Samuel Slater, 1790
Transportation network
Labor
Limiting the Spread of Industrialization in the Non-
industrialized World
Deliberate policy to prevent growth of mechanized industry
Indian example
The Industrialization of Europe by 1850

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The Social Impact of the Industrial
Revolution
Population Growth
Not explained by higher birthrate
Decline of the death rate
Drop in deaths from famines, epidemics, and war
Increase in the food supply; people more resistant of disease
Congestion of the countryside
The Great Hunger
Irish population growth
Reliance on the potato
Potato crop fails, 1845-1851
Emigration
Suburbs
Row houses
The Growth of Cities
Growth of city populations
By 1850 Londons population is 2,363,00
Nine cities in Britain over 100,000
Less dramatic growth on the Continent
Urban Living Conditions in the Early Industrial
Revolution
Wealth and middle-class inhabitants often resided in
the suburbs
Sanitary conditions
Disease and smell
Adulteration of food
Moral consequences of urban life
Urban Reformers
Edwin Chadwick (1800-1890)
Report on the Condition of the Labouring Population of Great
Britain, 1842
Use of drainage
Piped water
Public Health Act
New Social Classes: The Industrial Middle
Class
Out of mercantile trades
Out of dissenting religious minorities
New business aristocracy
New Social Classes: Workers in the Industrial
Age
Laborers and servants
Working Conditions for the Industrial
Working Class
Cotton mills
Coal mines
Child labor
Pauper apprentices
Women
Factory Acts
Factory Act of 1833
Women and children
Standards of Living
Fluctuations of wages and prices
Consumption
Periodic overproduction and unemployment
Efforts at Change: The Workers
Strikes
Robert Owen (1771-1858), Utopian Socialism
Trade unionism
Luddites
Chartism, the peoples charter
Efforts at Change: Reformers and Government
Factory acts, 1802-1819
Factory Act of 1833
Coal Mines Act, 1842