Chapter Four

Reactions in Aqueous Solutions

Chapter Four / Reactions in Aqueous Solutions
Solutions and concentrations
Solution is a homogenous mixture of two or more substances.
When water is the solvent, we called the solution aqueous solution.
Concentration of a solution is the amount of solute present in a given
amount of solvent.
The concentration of a solution can be expressed in many different ways.
MOLARITY (M): is the number of moles of solute per liter of solution.






solution of liters
solute of moles
Molarity
liters in solution of volume V
moles of number n
molarity M
V
n

where
M
Unit of molarity is mol/L
Chapter Four / Reactions in Aqueous Solutions
Solutions and concentrations
Steps to prepare a solution of known molarity :
Chapter Four / Reactions in Aqueous Solutions
Solutions and concentrations
Example1:
How many grams of potassium dichromate (K
2
Cr
2
O
7
) are required to prepare
a 250 ml solution whose concentration is 2.16 M.?





M =2.16 , V =250 mL = 250/1000= 0.25 L
n = M X V
= 2.16 X 0.25 = 0.54 mol

liters in solution of volume V
moles of number n
molarity M
V
n

where
M
Chapter Four / Reactions in Aqueous Solutions
Solutions and concentrations
n = mass / molar mass
Molar mass of K
2
Cr
2
O
7
=
2 x 39.1 + 2x52 + 7x16=294.2 g/mol
Mass = n x molar mass
= 0.54 x 294.2 = 158.9 g

Mass (g)
Molar mass Mole
(mol)
Chapter Four / Reactions in Aqueous Solutions
Solutions and concentrations
Example 2:
In a biochemical assay, a chemist needs to add 3.81 g of glucose (C
6
H
12
O
6
) to a
reaction mixture. Calculate the volume in milliteres of a 2.53 M glucose
solution he should use for the addition.
M = n/V
Molar mass of C
6
H
12
O
6
=180.2 g/mol
n = mass/molar mass
= 3.81 / 180.2
= 0.021 mol

M = n/V
V = n/M
= 0.021 / 2.53 = 8.30 X 10
-3
L
= 8.36 X10
-3
X 10
3
L = 8.30 mL

Chapter Four / Reactions in Aqueous Solutions
Solutions and concentrations
FOR IONIC COMPOUNDS
NaCl Na +Cl
1 mol NaCl , 1 mole Na
+
, 1mole Cl
-1

1 M NaCl , 1 M Na
+
, 1 M Cl
-1


Ba (NO
3
)
2
Ba
+2
+ 2NO
3
-

1 mole Ba (NO
3
)
2
, 1 mole Ba
+2
, 2 mole NO
3
-

1M Ba (NO
3
)
2
, 1 M Ba
+2
, 2 M 2NO
3
-


Chapter Four / Reactions in Aqueous Solutions
Dilution
Dilution
Add Solvent
Chapter Four / Reactions in Aqueous Solutions
Dilution
Dilution : is the procedure for preparing a less concentrated solution from a
more concentrated one.

M
1
V
1
= M
2
V
2
BEFORE AFTER

Example 1 :
How you would prepare 5.00 x 10
2
mL of a 1.75 M H
2
SO
4
solution, starting
with an 8.61 M stock solution of H
2
SO
4
?
M
1
= 8.61 , V
1
= ?, M
2
= 1.75, V
2
= 5.00 X10
2

M
1
V
1
= M
2
V
2

8.61 X V
1
= 1.75 X 5.00 X 10
2

V
1
= 1.75 X 5.00 X 10
2
/ 8.61 = 101.6 ml.
Chapter Four / Reactions in Aqueous Solutions
Dilution
Example 2:
How would you prepare 60.0 mL of 0.200 M HNO
3
from a stock solution of
4.00 M HNO
3
?
M
1
= 4 , V
1
= ?, M
2
= 0,2, V
2
= 60
M
1
V
1
= M
2
V
2

4 X V
1
= 0.2 x 60
V
1
= 0.2 X 60 / 4 = 3 ml.