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CISPR 20 requires both conducted and radiated immunity tests, but applies only to broadcast receivers and related equipment. RF immunity test system consists of a screened room, an RF signal generator, and an anechoic material to reduce floor reflections.
CISPR 20 requires both conducted and radiated immunity tests, but applies only to broadcast receivers and related equipment. RF immunity test system consists of a screened room, an RF signal generator, and an anechoic material to reduce floor reflections.
CISPR 20 requires both conducted and radiated immunity tests, but applies only to broadcast receivers and related equipment. RF immunity test system consists of a screened room, an RF signal generator, and an anechoic material to reduce floor reflections.
CISPR 20 requires both conducted and radiated immunity tests, but applies only to broadcast receivers and related equipment. Immunity Testing ESD Radiated RF Field Electrical Fast Transient (EFT) Burst Conducted RF Field Surge Voltage Dips, Short Interruptions, and Voltage Variations RF Immunity
RF Immunity Test System The components of a typical radiated immunity test system using a screened room IEC 61000-4-3: Radiated RF Field Basic Test Setup Configuration for susceptibility testing against radiated RFI Radiating antenna From RFI power generator optional anechoic material to reduce floor reflections Wooden table 80cm EUT 1 to 3 m Signal source RF signal generator for freq. range: 80-1000 MHz: for IEC61000-4-3 150 kHz 80 MHz: for IEC61000-4-6 Its output level must match the input requirement of the power amplifier with a margin of a few dB(typically 0dB-so not a problem) Power Amplifier Needed since most signal source will not have sufficient output level on their own. The output needed will depend on the field strength that have to be generated at EUT.
= . 2 30.
= . 2 30.
Where:
= the antenna power input r = the distance from antenna (in meters) E = the field strength at r (in Volts/m) G = the numerical antenna gain over isotropic Required power vs freq The power delivered to the antenna(net power) is not the same as power supplied by the amplifier unless the antenna is perfectly matched( does not occur in practice).
With high VSWR(eg biconical and bilog below 70 MHz) most of the power supplied to the amplifier is reflected back to it. IEC 61000-4-3: Radiated RF Field 80 MHz to 1000 MHz, modulation: 1 kHz AM 80% Sweep: <1.5 x 10 3 decades/s, continuous, or 1% steps Field strength: 1, 3, or 10 V/m (unmodulated carrier) RF power: 3100 W distance: 1 m field uniformity: 0/+6 dB) Expose all six sides to vertical and horizontal polarizations Additional single frequency test at 900 MHz, modulated by 200 Hz pulses Test in a Shielded Room, TEM cell, or GTEM cell Modulation Modulation Factors in specifying a power amplifier Linearity: - RF immunity testing can tolerate some distortion, but should not be excessive. (The standard: should be at least -15 dB relative to the carrier) Ruggedness:- to operate at full power continously. Power Gain: - full power output must be obtainable from the expected level of input signal, with some safety margin, across the whole freq. band. Reliability and maintanability:
Field Strength monitor and levelling Must ensure correct field strength at the EUT Two major methods of controlling the applied field: (i) closed loop levelling: applied in non- anechoic screened room, as specified by military tests. (i) by substitution: preferred for the anechoic chamber with transducers eg TEM cells9Only this method allowed in IEC61000-4-3) Transducers As discussed in chapter 3 Stripline The Stripline The TEM cell An alternative to the stripline for small EUTs and low freqencies. TC-5060B TEM Cell, is an economical UHF TEM Cell which generates a consistent Electromagnetic field for testing small RF devices such as Pagers, GPS Receivers, Mobile Phones, etc. GTEM An Indoor Anechoic Chamber [Source: Anritsu News, June 2002, Vol.22, No.105, p.17 ] Field Uniformity +6 dB / 0 dB at 12 of 16 test points from 80 to 1000 MHz Typical Screened Room Instalation Tests Methods Preliminary checking: to find the most susceptible configuration andoperating mode of the EUT Compliance Test Testing above 1GHz: IEC 61000-4-3 Sweep rate, step size and modulation Safety precautions: ICNIRP Guidelines ICNIRP Guidlines Electrostatic Discharge(ESD) described in IEC 61000-4-2 Simplified ESD generator:
IEC 61000-4-2: Electrostatic Discharge (ESD) Air discharge (2 to 15 kV) Contact discharge (8 kV) polarities 0.7 to 1 ns rise time 10 single contact discharges to each selected points if accessible; air discharges if not accessible Several points accessible to the personnel must be tested 10 single discharges to a coupling plane 0.1 m from the EUT [Source: ESD Simulator, Model: NSG438, by TESEO (formerly known as Schaffner) ] ESD Testing Setup for Tabletop Apparatus EUT on a nonmetallic table HCP (1.6 m x 0.8 m) VCP (0.5 m x 0.5 m) R (450 kW 1 MW) isolates HCP and VCP to the ground-plane Discharge to the EUT Discharge to the HCP and the VCP Equipment Under Test (EUT) EUT Power Cable (If applicable) Building Power Vertical Coupling Plane (VCP) Horizontal Coupling Plane (HCP, Metal Sheet) 0.5 mm Thick Insulator Wooden Table Metal Ground Plane IEC 61000-4-4: Electrical Fast Transient (EFT) Burst The EFT-B test checks the immunity of the product against high frequency, low energy transient bursts due to switching events in the near environment. Pulses: t r = 5 ns, t h = 50 ns (5 ns/50 ns pulses), polarities T ON = 15 ms, T ON +T OFF = 300 ms, repetitive rate = 5 kHz (and 100 kHz in the future) 0.5, 1, 2 or 4 kV on power supply lines, voltage on data/signal/control lines Source Z o = 50 W Waveform of EFT Burst 2 1 / / ) 1 ( ) ( t t t t p e e AV t v
A & V p = constant t 1 = 5 ns, t 2 = 50 ns 5 ns 50 ns 1 0.9
0.5
0.1 t E 200 ms (5 kHz) t E 300 ms 15 ms t E EFT Burst Test Setup CDN for AC Mains Clamp for signal lines [Source: 61000-4-4 . IEC:1995 +A1:2000 +A2:2001] IEC 61000-4-6: Conducted RF Field 150 kHz to 230 MHz, modulation: 1 kHz AM 80% Sweep: <1.5 x 10 3 decades/s, continuous, or 1% steps Voltage level: 1, 3, or 10 V (unmodulated carrier) Applied via coupling/decoupling networks (CDN), EM-clamps, or current injection probes IEC 61000-4-6: Conducted RF Field Test System Setup The nominal frequency range of IEC 61000-4-6: 9 kHz to 80 MHz. In practice, 150 kHz to 230 MHz is used for small-sized equipment. 50 termination Power attenuator RFI generator EUT CDN CDN CDN = coupling and decoupling network Auxiliary equipment 1 Auxiliary equipment 2 Insulating support 10 cm Metallic reference plane IEC 61000-4-5: Surge Test Waveform High-Energy Combination Waves 5 positive and 5 negative 1.2/50 ms voltage or 8/20 ms current waveshape surges 0.5, 1, 2, or 4 kV; all lower test level voltages must also be applied Repetitive rate: no faster than 1 per minute Source output impedance: 2 W (line-to-line on AC/DC power lines) 12 W (line-to-earth on AC/DC power lines) 42 W (capacitive coupled line-to-line or line-to- earth on AC/DC power lines) Surge Test Setup Surge current injection Surge voltage injection
EUT Back-filter P N G Surge Generator
Surge coupling transformer
EUT Back-filter P N G Surge Generator
Surge coupling capacitor IEC 61000-4-11: Voltage Dips, Interruptions, and Variations Applies to equipment using low-voltage power supply, consuming 16 A per phase Dips and interruptions at any phase angle of the input voltage level: 0%, 40%, and 70% duration: 0.5 to 50 periods Variations: level: 0% and 40% duration: 2 s decreasing to test level, 1 s at test level, 2 s rising to normal level
Generic Immunity Standard Performance Criteria Performance Criterion A (e.g., continuous RF interference) The apparatus shall continue to operate as intended. No degradation of performance or loss of function is allowed below a performance level or a permissible loss of performance specified by the manufacturer (e.g., 10% change of motor speed). Performance Criterion B (e.g., transient phenomena) The apparatus shall continue to operate as intended after the test. No degradation of performance or loss of function is allowed below a performance level or a permissible loss of performance specified by the manufacturer, when the apparatus is used as intended. During the test, degradation of performance is, however, allowed. No change of actual operating state or stored data is allowed. Performance Criterion C (e.g., mains interruption) Temporary loss of function is allowed, provided the loss of function is self-recoverable or can be restored by the operation of the controls.