chapter 1 :Transport

Learning objective:
1. Understanding the importance of having transport
system in some multicellular organisms
2. Synthesise the concept of the circulatory system
3. Understanding the mechanism of blood clotting
4. Synthesise the concept of the lymphatic system
5. Understanding the role of the circulatory system in the
bodyd defence mechanism
6. Appreciate a healthy cardiovasular system
7. Understanding the transport of substances in plants
8. Synthesise the concept of the transport of substances
in plants

1.1 The importance of having a transport system
in some multicellular organisms
Learning outcomes:
1. Identify the problems that could be faced by
multicellular organisms in obtaining their
cellular requirements and getting rid of waste
product
2. Suggest how these problems are overcome in
multicellular organisms
Transport
To describe how the substance in our body
move from one part to the other part
Transport process varies in different types of
organism

Difference transport in unicellular and
multicellular organisms
1. Unicellular organism
Ex?
They have large total surface area to volume
(TSA/V) ration that enable substance to diffuse
easily into the cell
To obtain oxygen and nutrients directly from
external environment
Carbon dioxide and other waste product also
eliminated by diffusion through plasma
membrane
So, They do not need any internal transport
system


Multicellular organisms
Ex?
The TSA/V ration decreases
Cells often located away from external surface of
the body
Diffusion rate also decrease which is a limiting
factor to cellular activities in large animals
These organism have specialized structure to
increase surface area ( alveolus)
They also need circulatory system to
Distribute nutrients and oxygen
Remove waste product
exercise
Examine cuboid A and B. Calculate the TSA/V
of both cuboids. Assume that the cuboids are
two organisms.
Which organisms obtain their cellular
requirement (O2 and nutrients) and removing
their waste product( co2 and urea) easily?
Why?
Assignments
1. Why does unicellular organisms can
undergoes diffusion process to transport their
nutrients and waste products while
multicellular organisms cannot?
Elaborate your answer by giving suitable
explanation.


( 8 marks)
1.2 The circulatory system
Learning Outcomes:
1. State what a circulatory system is
2. State the three components of the circulatory system in
humans and animals
3. State the medium of transport in humans and animals
4. State the composition of human blood
5. Explain the function of blood and haemolymph in transport
6. Describe the structure of human blood vessel
7. Explain how blood is propelled through human circulatory
system
8. Explain briefly how blood pressure regulated
9. Compare and contrast the circulatory system in the
following: human, fish and amphibians
10. Conceptualise the circulatory systems in humans
Functions of the circulatory system
The circulatory system has three functions:
1. Transporting substances around the body. These
include oxygen, glucose, carbon dioxide, nutrients,
water and waste products.
3. Protecting the body. Blood contains cells
and anti-bodies that fight infection and
clotting agents to stop bleeding.
2. Controlling body temperature.
3 components of circulatory system
1. Medium of transport/ Blood
2. Blood vessel
3. Heart

1. Medium of transport/ Blood
Animals:
Blood which consist of blood plasma, blood cells
( RBC, WBC) and plateles
Invertebrates:
Ex:
Use haemolymph (fluid in hoemocoel)
Hoemocoel: rongga

Functions: transport material around the body



Blood
Blood is the bodys means of transporting
substances around. It transports:
oxygen from the lungs to the heart and then to the
bodys tissues
carbon dioxide from the tissues to the heart and
then to the lungs to be expired
materials like hormones from one organ to another
nutrients (especially glucose) and minerals from the
intestines to the tissues
waste products to the kidneys.
Composition of Human Blood
Blood: connective tissue that are composed of
1. Cellular components (45%)
Platelets
Erythrocytes (RBC)
Leucocytes( WBC)

1. Plasma (55%)
Water(90%)
Soluble solutes


Cellular components ( 45%)
1. Platelets
Fragments of cells from bone marrow
No nucleus
Important for blood clotting process

1.Platelets
Formed in red bone marrow.
Produce thrombokinase
a chemical needed for blood clotting.
Platelets help to repair tissues
and close wounds both
internally and externally.
When needed, they grow into
irregular shapes and stick together to
form a plug over the wound.
Platelets are also carried in the blood.
They aggregate and release factors which
promote the blood coagulation.

2.Red blood cells
Also called erythrocytes.
Disc-shaped.
Made in the bone marrow.
Contain a red-coloured compound
called haemoglobin which bonds
with oxygen to form
oxyhaemoglobin.
Transport oxygen to the tissues.
Blood is made up of a number of different elements.
The most common cell in blood is the red blood cell.
In the other vertebrates (e.g. fishes,
amphibians, reptilians and birds), they have a
nucleus.
3.White blood cells
Also called leucocytes.
They are bigger than red
blood cells and have large
nuclei.
Act as the bodys defence
system.
Blood also contains white blood cells.
Some white blood cells surround and consume
harmful microbes.
Some produce chemicals called antibodies that
fight infection.
colorless
Each type of leukocyte is present in the blood
in different proportions:
neutrophil 50 - 70 %
eosinophil 2 - 4 %
basophil 0,5 - 1 %
lymphocyte 20 - 40 %
monocyte 3 - 8 %

In fact, these granules have a different affinity
towards neutral, acid or basic stains and give
the cytoplasm different colors.
So, granulocytes distinguish themselves in
neutrophil, eosinophil (or acidophil) and
basophil.
Leukocytes ( WBC)
1. Granulocytes
2. A granulocytes

1. Granulocytes
Granular cytoplasm
filled with microscopic granules that are little
sacs containing enzymes, compounds that
digest microorganisms.
Lobed nuclei( kelepek)
Form in bone marrow
Consist of:
1. Basophils
2. Neutrophils
3. Eosinophils


Neutrophils
As a Phagocytes
Which digest
bacteria and dead
cells
By phagocytosis
process
Neutrophils

Eosinophils
Control allergic
responses
Kill parasitic worms
by release enzyme.
eosinophils

Basophils
Secretes heparin
to prevent blood
clotting
Involve in
combating
inflammatory and
allergic reactions
basophils

In the different types of granulocytes, the
granules are different and help us to
distinguish them.
In fact, these granules have a different affinity
towards neutral, acid or basic stains and give
the cytoplasm different colors.
So, granulocytes distinguish themselves in
neutrophil, eosinophil (or acidophil) and
basophil
2. Agranulocytes
Clear cytoplasm
Nuclei are not lobed( terkelepek)
Consist of
1. Lymphocytes
2. monocytes
Lymphocytes are cells which, besides being present
in the blood,
Its populate the lymphoid tissues and organs too, as
well as the lymph circulating in the lymphatic
vessel.
An antibody is a molecule able to bind itself to
molecules of a complementary shape
called antigens, and recognize them.
As for all proteins, even the antibodies are coded by
genes.
On the basis of a recombination mechanism of
some of these genes, every lymphocyte produces
antibodies of a specific shape.
Lymphocytes
Produce
antibodies
Neutralize toxins
Produce immune
responses against
foreign substance
Largest leucocytes
Monocytes
Phagocytes
Engulf digested
bacteria and
dead cells
Origin: from
bone marrow
Difference between RBC
AND WBC
characteristics RBC WBC
1. SHAPE a) Erythrocytes are
biconcave disc serves to:
Increase surface area to
volume ratio
Increase diffusion rate of
gaseous exchange
b) No nucleus to gives space
for great quantities of
haemoglobin
Leucocytes have nuclei
Not have haemoglobin
Larger than erythrocytes
Do not have fixed shaped

2.FUNCTION Has haem group
Contains iron atom
For the site of oxygen
binding
When the partial pressure of
o2 is high,
Haemoglobin will combine
with o2 to form
OXYHAEMOGLOBIN
Responsible for the defense
of organism against disease
If pathogen invade the body,
number of leucocytes will
increase
















LIFESPAN 120 days
Destroyed by phagocytes
(WBC) in the liver and
spleen(limpa)
A few days by phagocytosis
process
MANUFACT
URED IN
Bone marrow
Rate: 2 million/ second
Bone marrow(granulocytes)
But may migrate to thymus
gland or lymph node
For their growth and
development stage
Lymphatic system (
agranucolytes)
3. DIAMETER 8 micrometer
Thickness: 2 micrometer
15 micro meter
4.Number of
blood
cell/mm3
5 million/mm3 6000-10000/mm3
(Ration: 1WBC:700RBC)
PLASMA
Plasma
90% water
inorganic salts(Na+, Mg2+, Cl-)
glucose
antibodies
urea and other waste products
plasma proteins.(ex: albumin, fibrinogen,prothrombin)
Dissolved gases( oxygen and carbon dioxide)
Hormones ( insulin)

The blood cells and platelets are suspended in a
substance called plasma. Plasma is made up of:
The plasma is a slightly alkaline fluid, with a
typical yellowish color
The mineral substances are dissolved in ionic
form, that is dissociated into positive and
negative ions.
Ex: Ca2+

Plasma can be separated from the
other components of blood using
a centrifuge.
plasma
Functions of blood in Transport
1. Transport in oxygen
2. Transport of carbon dioxide
3. Transport of water to tissues
4. Transport of excretory waste products
5. Transport of hormones
6. Transport of heat
7. Transport of absorbed food materials
1. Transport of oxygen
Transport o2 from lung/alveolus cells/ all
part of body
Oxygen combine with haemoglobin in
erythrocytes to form = oxyhaemoglobin
Oxyhaemoglobin dissociates into haemoglobin
and 02
O2 then supplied for cellular respiration (ATP)
Hb + O2 ---> HbO
<-------

2. Transport of carbon dioxide
Cellular respiration release co2
Glucose + o2 - energy +co2+ water
Carbon dioxide transported from cells to lungs/
alveolus in the form of:
a)Hydrogen carbonate ions
b) Carbaminohemoglobin
c)Dissolves directly in the blood plasma

When the blood reaches the lungs, the co2 release
and diffuse out of the blood into the alveoli



Hydrogen carbonate ions are produced when
carbon dioxide produced by tissue respiration
is absorbed by blood plasma.
In your lungs, hydrogen carbonate ions turn
back to carbon dioxide which is excreted when
you exhale.
Carbaminohaemoglobin is a combination of
carbon dioxide and hemoglobin,
CO2HHb, being one of the forms in which
carbon dioxide exists in the blood.
3. Transport of water to tissues
Water is transported by blood to provide a
medium for biochemical reactions
4.Transport of excretory waste
products
1. Deamination
Process removing the amino group from the
excess amino acid.
The amino group is converted to ammonia
and then to urea by the liver
From liver, urea transported by blood to
kidneys to be excreted
5.Transport of hormones
Blood transport hormones produced by
endocrine gland to the target organs
Ex: insulin and glucagon carried by blood from
pancreas to the liver
6. Transport of heat
Blood helps regulate body temperature by
distributing heat
7. Transport of absorbed food
materials
Soluble digested food, vitamins and mineral
absorbed into capillaries of the villi in small
intestine
Ex: simple sugar: glucose
Amino acids
Water soluble vitamins
Mineral salts
They are transported by the hepatic portal
vein from small intestine to liver and then to
the heart
Other food materials are absorbed into
lacteals in the villi
Ex: fatty acids, glycerol , vitamin ADEK (Fat
soluble susbtances)
They are then transported by the lymph into
the blood circulatory system via the left
subclavian vein
Hepatic portal vein
Lacteal and villi
lymph
Subclavian vein
Function of Haemolymph in transport
Haemolymph:
the circulating fluid in open tissue spaces of
invertebrates
A circulating blood-like nutritive fluid which
fills the entire body cavity called haemocoel
A circulating system in invertebrates = open
circulatory system because the haemolymph:
1. Is not confined to vessels only
2. Bathes the tissues and internal organs
directly



Nutrients such as digested food and hormones
diffuse from haemolymph into cells.
Waste products diffuse out from cells into the
haemolymph
Haemolymph does not transport respiratory
gases.
Gaseous exchange via the tracheal system


2. Blood vessels
Consist of arteries
Capillaries
Veins
functions: carries blood around the body
Structure of human
blood vessels
Blood vessels
There are three types of blood vessels,
blood from
the heart
blood to the
heart
artery
carries blood
back into
the heart
carries blood
away from
the heart
carries blood to and
from the bodys cells
vein
arteries capillaries Veins
Carry oxygenated
blood away from the
heart to all parts of
the body
Except pulmonary
artery
Sites for the
exchange of
respiratory gases,
nutrients and wastes
Transport
deoxygenated blood
from all parts of the
body to the heart
except pulmonary
vein
Blood pressure:
High blood pressure
in arteries
Lower than arteries
but higher than veins
Lower than arteries
Thick muscular wall
Lumen size small
One cell thickness
Lumen is very small
Thinner wall
Lumen size is large
No valve except
aorta
No valve Valve present to
prevent backflow of
blood
arteries capillaries Veins
To transport blood
quickly at high
pressure from the
heart to tissues
Allow rapid gaseous
exchange between
blood and the body
cells by diffusion
Allow blood from
tissues to return to
the heart
The ARTERY
thick muscle and
elastic fibres
Arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the heart.
the elastic fibres allow the
artery to stretch under
pressure
the thick muscle can
contract to push the
blood along.
The VEIN
Veins carry deoxygenated blood towards from the
heart.
thin muscle and
elastic fibres
veins have valves
which act to stop the
blood from going in
the wrong direction.
body muscles surround the veins
so that when they contract to
move the body, they also
squeeze the veins and push the
blood along the vessel.
The CAPILLARY
Capillaries link Arterioles with
Venus
the wall of a
capillary
is only one cell thick
they exchange materials
between the blood and
other body cells.
The exchange of materials
between the blood and the
body can only occur
through capillaries.
Blood vessels
thick outer wall
thick inner layer of muscle
and elastic fibres
narrow central tube
(lumen)
thin outer wall
thin inner layer of muscle and
elastic fibres
wide central tube
(lumen)
wall only one cell thick
ARTERY
VEIN
CAPILLARY
Blood vessels: valves
When blood is flowing against gravity, or when a vein is
squeezed by muscle action, there is a risk that blood will
flow in the wrong direction. Veins have valves to prevent
backflow.
blood to
the
heart
backflow
prevented
vein valve
open
vein valve
closed
The valves allow
blood to flow in the
correct direction
but close if blood
starts to flow in the
wrong direction.
3. Heart
A heart is an organ that generates pressure to
pump the blood through out the body


How blood is propelled through
the human circulatory system?
Location of the Heart
The heart is located between the lungs behind
the sternum and above the diaphragm.
It is surrounded by the pericardium.
It is a fluid filled sac that surrounds the heart
Its size is about that of a fist, and its weight is
about 250-300 g.
Location of the heart in the thorax
Anatomy of the heart
Heart made up of myogenic cardiac
muscles which contract and relax
automatically throughout life
It is not controlled by nervous system



The human heart has four chambers:
1. Left and right Atrium (atria= plural)
Upper chambers which receive blood
returning to the heart
Thin -walled
2. Left and right ventricles
Lower chambers which pump blood out of
the heart
Thick walled

Septum:
Separates the right chambers from the left
chambers
The valves: ensure that blood flows only in one
direction.
1. Tricuspid valve
2. Bicuspid valve
3. Semi lunar valve





The Heart Valves
The tricuspid valve- the valve between the
right atrium and right ventricle

The bicuspid valve- the valve between left
atrium and left ventricle

Semi lunar valve- the valves at the base of
aorta and pulmonary artery

The right pump forces deoxygenated blood to
the lungs
The left pump forces oxygenated blood to
other parts of the body
Pumping of the heart/ the heartbeat
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/heart/heartmap.html
How does the heart beat?
SAN and AVN
Electrical signal begins in the sinoatrial (SA)
node: "natural pacemaker."
causes the atria to contract.
Blood is then forced into the ventricles
The signal then passes through the
atrioventricular (AV) node.
sends the signal to the ventricles via the
bundle of His
causes the ventricles to contract.
And pump the blood out of the heart



Right ventricle pumps the blood into
pulmonary artery which forces the blood to
the lung
Left ventricle pumps the blood into aorta
which forces the blood to all part of the body
The Conduction System
Left ventricle is thicker and more muscular
than the wall of the right ventricles
Because it needs to generate greater pressure
to pump blood to all parts of the body
While the right ventricle pumps the blood to
the lungs only
What is the cardiac cycle?
Cardiac cycle is the series of events that occur
during one complete heartbeat
Including contraction (systole) and relaxation (
diastole) of both atria and ventricles
The sino atrial node(SAN) can initiate the
heartbeat on its own
Sympathetic nerve carrying impulse to the heart
can increase the heart rate
Parasympathetic nerve can slow it down
The heart rate increase when:
Increase in the secretion of hormone
(adrenaline)
An increase in partial pressure of carbon
dioxide in the blood
Body temperature is elevated
How does blood in the veins flow back
to the heart?

1.Muscle relaxed , valves closed
2.Muscles contract, upper valves open and
blood is forced upwards , lower valve remain
close
3. Muscles relaxed, upper valves closed, lower
valve opens as a result of muscle contraction
elsewhere and blood flows forwards
Regulatory mechanism of blood
pressure
Blood pressure is the force of the blood exerted
of the arterial blood vessels
Arterial blood pressure is highest during
ventricular systole , and lowest during diastole
Baroreceptors monitor the pressure of blood
flowing to the body and to the brain
Baroreceptor located in the walls of the aorta
and carotid arteries branch out from the aorta.