PRINCIPLES OF

PRESSURE
MEASUREMENT
Prepared by : Sakinah Ansary
Assisted by : Ahmad Nizar
Reviewed by : Ezatolah Mardasi
Date : 11
th
of March 2004

Instrument & Control Department
INSTALLATION CONSIDERATION
MAINTENANCE & CALIBRATION
DEVICE SELECTION
REFERENCES
Variable Inductance Pressure Sensor
Variable Differential Transformer Transducer
Variable Capacitance Transducer
Potentiometric Transducer Bourdon Tube

Bellows Sensor

Diaphragm Sensor

DATASHEETS
Strain Gauge
MECHANICAL PRESSURE ELEMENT ELECTRICAL PRESSURE ELEMENT ELECTRONIC PRESSURE ELEMENT
BASIC PRINCIPLES

PRESSURE MEASUREMENT

Pressure Transmitter Pressure Gauge
Resonant Wire Pressure Transducer
Optical Pressure Transducer
Piezoelectric
Pressure is Force exerted over
a unit Area

P = F / A

Where P = Pressure
F = Force
A = Area
Pounds per square inch (PSI)
Newton force per square meter / Pascal
(Pa); where kPa is commonly used
Kilogram per square centimeter (kg/cm
2
)
Inch of water (inH
2
O)
Millimeter of water (mmH
2
O)
Inch of mercury (inHg)
Millimeter of mercury / torr (mmHg)
Atmosphere (atm)
Bar

PSI kPa bar mmH
2
O mmHg atm in H
2
O in Hg
PSI

1 6.895

0.0689 703.07

51.715

0.068

27.68 2.036
kPa 0.145

1 0.01

102 7.50

9.896 x
10
-3
4.016

0.295

bar

14.5 10
2
1 1.02 x
10
4
750.1 0.987 401.5 29.53
mmH
2
O

1.42 x
10
-3
9.807 x
10
-6
9.807 x
10
-5
1 0.074

9.68 x
10
-5
0.0394 2.89 x
10
-3

mmHg 0.0193 0.1333 1.33 x
10
-3
13.59 1 1.32 x
10
-3
0.535 0.0394
atm

14.7 101.3

1.013 1.03 x
10
4
760 1 406.78 29.92
in H
2
O 0.0361 0.249 2.49 x
10
-3
25.4 1.868 2.46 x
10
-3

1 0.0736
in Hg

0.491 3.38 x
10
-6

0.0339 345.32 25.4 0.0334 13.595 1
Conversion of common UNITS of Pressure
Absolute Pressure; denoted as a:
- Measured with reference to ZERO
pressure, eg. psia

Gauge Pressure; denoted as g:
- Measured with reference to
ATMOSPHERIC pressure, eg. psig

Thus,
Pressure
absolute
= Pressure
gauge
+ Pressure
atm

PT
Pressure Applied
H L
Diaphragm
Atmospheric
Plugged but not sealed
Reference pressure
Gauge Pressure
PT
Pressure Applied
H L
Diaphragm
Vacuumed
Plugged and sealed
Reference pressure
Absolute Pressure
Difference in pressure measurements
taken at TWO related points;
denoted as d, eg. psid
P = P
high
P
low

Vacuum

Measured BELOW atmospheric
pressure




States that whenever an external
pressure is applied to any confined
fluid at rest, the pressure is
increased at every point in the
fluid by the amount of the that
pressure

Application of Pascals Law:
Hydraulic presses, jacks or breaks
Instruments used for measurement and
calibration
Base on pressure acting on a
surface area inside the element
to provide a force that causes
a mechanical deflection

Common elements used are:
- Bourdon tubes
- Bellows elements
- Diaphragms
Most common type of pressure sensor

Increased pressure causes the flattened cross-
section to straighten and move the closed end

Closed end is attached to mechanical linkage

Linkage is connected to a pointer or other output
device

There are three types of forms:

- C-Tube
- Spiral
- Helical
C-Tube
(Low:015 psig & High:0-10000 psig)
Most commonly used
element

Simple and lease
expensive to
manufacture

Bulky and subject
to damage from over
pressuring

Two bourdon tubes
are used to measure
differential
pressure;
(P
1
P
2
)

Spiral (Low:0-10 psig & High:0-10000 psig)
Helical (Low:0200 psig & High:0-6000 psig)
Much longer than C-Tube and is coiled into a
spiral and helix respectively

More costly to manufacture

Occupies less space for given amount of movement

Multiple turns allow thicker material for a given
sensitivity; less chance to damage
Axially flexible, cylindrical enclosure with folded
sides [A]

Increased pressure causes the closed end to extend
axially

Movement rotates a pointer or actuates a controller
or transmitter by mechanical linkage [B]

Movement of the bellows is opposed by
- Spring action of the bellows material
- Pressure surrounding the bellows
- External force by spring [C] or another
bellow [D]

Accurately measures LOW pressure compared to Bourdon
tubes as well as Vacuum and differential pressure [E]
- Absolute ranges : 0 100 mmHg
- Gauge ranges : 0 5 inH
2
0
[A]
[D]
[C]
[B]
[E]
Diaphragm Sensors
Used to detect slight changes in pressure

Axially flexible, thin, flat and corrugated disk held
in place

Increase pressure on one side causes the other side
to deflect

Force opposing the pressure is the sum of:
- Spring constant of the diaphragm
- Pressure on the opposite side of the diaphragm
- Spring constant of opposing spring

Axial movement can measure liquid level, rotate a
pointer or activate a controller by attaching the
free end to linkage [A]

There two types of elements:
- Elastic element
- Limp element
Elastic Element
Usually metallic
- Single; either flat or concentric corrugations [B]
- Capsular; consists of two diaphragms welded
together at their perimeter [C]

Limp Element

Metallic or non-metallic
- Does not give an opposing force to an applied
pressure
- Single diaphragm form
- Used to contain pressure and exert a force on
an opposing spring [D]

Able to measure VERY LOW pressure

Common to measure absolute/gauge pressure down to 0
0.2 inH
2
O

Does not provide much movement which limits their use
in gauges and controllers


Diaphragm Sensors
[A]
[B]
[D] [C]
[E]
Electro-mechanical pressure transducers convert
the motion produced by mechanical sensing elements
into changes in electrical signals for monitoring
and controlling process pressure

Generally, the electrical output is directly
proportional to the applied pressure

Types of electrical pressure elements are:
- Potentiometric transducer
- Variable Capacitance Transducer
- Variable Differential Transformer Transducer
- Variable Inductance Pressure Sensor
Utilizes a Wheatstone bridge circuit in
which one of the bridge resistors is
replaced by a potentiometer

Potentiometer is a wire-wound resistor
with a movable slide on it

When the slide moves, the resistance
value of the potentiometer changes which
changes the resistance in the bridge
circuit

But, this transducer has a limited
response to pressure changes and can
easily wear and damage the windings
Potentiometric Transducer
Consists of two metal plates; one of which is
linked to a movable mechanical pressure element
ie. diaphragm and the other is a static plate

Both plates are separated from each other by
dielectric material

When distance between plates changes, capacitance
changes resulting in changes in opposition to
current flow in the AC circuit

Thus, by measuring the current flow, changes in
pressure can be detected

Ideal for measuring low input levels


Advantages:
- Low hysteresis
- Good linearity,
stability and
repeatability
- Fast response


Disadvantages:
- High impedance
output
- Complex electronics


Linear Variable Differential Transformer
(LVDT) Transducer
LVDT operates on the inductance ratio principle
Three coils are wired onto an insulating tube
containing an iron core, which is positioned
within the tube by the pressure sensor
Alternating current is applied to the primary
coil in the center, and if the core also is
centered, equal voltages will be induced in the
secondary coils
Because the coils are wired in series, this
condition will result in a zero output
As the process pressure changes and the core
moves, the differential in the voltages induced
in the secondary coils is proportional to the
pressure causing the movement
LVDT-type pressure are
available with ranges 0 - 30
psig to 0 - 10000 psig
It can detect absolute, gauge
or differential pressures

Advantages:
- Rugged; will not be easily
damaged
- Do not need to compensate
for friction; movable core not
in touch

Disadvantage:
- Susceptible to mechanical
wear and sensitivity to
vibration and magnetic
Variable Inductance Pressure Sensor
Two coils are wired in opposition to form two legs
of an AC circuit

A diaphragm made of a magnetic material is placed
between the two coils

Pressure form the measured process is applied to
one side of diaphragm while the other side is
exposed to a reference pressure ie. atmospheric
pressure

Changes in process pressure will cause the
diaphragm to flex and move towards one of the
coils and away from the other

As the diaphragm moves, the relative inductance of
the coils changes which change the circuit output,
thus can be measured as pressure

Advantages:
- Rugged and stable
in performance
- High output and
dependable overload
protection

Disadvantages:
- Frequency response
is limited
- No linear output at
times
There two types of strain gauges:
- Bonded Strain Gauges
- Unbonded Strain Gauges

Bonded Strain Gauges

Discrete metal/silicon foil bonded or glued to a piece
of insulating material (usually some movable part of a
mechanical pressure sensing element eg. diaphragm) that
will bend or flex with pressure changes

As an active sensing element strains or bends, the
bonded foil will be strained

The tension of the foil will change its resistance

Ideal for taking dynamic measurements



Advantages:
- Fast response
- Low source impedance
- Minimum mechanical
motion, size and weight
- Works well with AC
and DC power

Disadvantages:
- Loss of accuracy due to
hysteresis
- Costly output
measurement devices


Unbonded Strain Gauges
Consists of insulated posts that support
stretched small wires that will respond
to changes in pressure

These posts are linked to a mechanical
pressure element eg. diaphragm which
deforms under pressure

The resulting changes in tension in the
wire will change the resistance
indicating changes in process pressure
Advantages:
- High sensitivity
- Moderate accuracy
- May be used in high
temperature; no
adhesive required

Disadvantages:
- Frequent
recalibration due to
hysteresis
- Zero tends to shift;
long term changes in
wire resistivity and
stress relief
Resonant Wire Pressure Transducer
In the design, a wire is gripped by a static member at
one end, and by the sensing diaphragm at the other

An oscillator circuit causes the wire to oscillate at
its resonant frequency

A change in process pressure, changes the wire
tension, which in turn changes the resonant frequency
of the wire

A digital counter circuit detects the shift

Because this change in the frequency can be detected
quite precisely, this type of transducer can be used
for low differential pressure applications as well as
to detect absolute and gauge pressures


Advantage:
- It generates
inherently digital
signal; can be sent
to a stable crystal
clock in
microprocessor

Disadvantages:
- Sensitive to
temperature, shock
and vibration
variation
- Nonlinear output
signal
An LED is used as light source and a vane
which blocks some of the light as it is
moved by a diaphragm

As process pressure changes the vane
between light source and measuring diode,
amount of IR received changes as compared
to reference diode which is never blocked
by the vane

Detects the effects of minute motions due
to changes in process pressure and
generate a corresponding electronic
output signal

Advantages:
- Immune to
temperature effects
because all diodes
are effected
equally by changes
in temperature
- Hysteresis and
repeatability
errors are nearly
zero due to small
movements
(< 0.5 mm)
- Low maintenance
- Stable and
designed for long
duration
measurements
Piezoelectric
When pressure, force or acceleration is applied to a quartz
crystal, a charge is developed across the crystal that is
proportional to the force applied.
The fundamental difference between these crystal sensors and
static-force devices such as strain gages is that the electric
signal generated by the crystal decays rapidly.
This characteristic makes these sensors unsuitable for the
measurement of static force or pressures but useful for dynamic
measurements.
Pieoelectric device can further be classified according to whether
the crystal's electrostatic charge, its resistivity, or its
resonant frequency electrostatic charge is measured.
Depending which phenomenon is used, the crystal sensor can be
called electrostatic, piezoresistive or resonant.
The desirable features of peizoelectric sensor include their
rugged construction, small size, high speed, and self-generated
signal.
Piezoelectrics are sensitive to temperature variations and require
special cabling and amplification.
Piezoelectric (Working Principle)
When pressure is applied to a
crystal, it is elastically
deformed.
This deformation results in a flow
of electric charge (which lasts
for a period of a few seconds).
The resulting electric signal can
be measured as an indication of
the pressure which was applied to
the crystal.
This sensor cannot detect static
pressures, but are used to measure
rapidly changing pressures
resulting from blasts, explosions,
pressure pulsations or other
sources of shock or vibration.


Manner in which a pressure measuring
instrument is installed is an important
factor in achieving accurate and
reliable operation

Measuring device is normally placed in
direct contact with the process and
should be installed in visible and
readily accessible locations

In some applications, it is desirable
to prevent the process fluid from
coming in contact with the sensing
element
The process fluid may be noxious, poisonous,
corrosive, abrasive, freeze or decompose at
ambient temperature or hotter/colder than the
sensor can tolerate

Other reasons are to filter out potentially
plugging solids or to remove potentially
damaging pressure spikes or vibrations

Special installation precautions must be taken
to protect the measuring instrument and
reading accuracy

Some of the protection devices used include:
- Seal pots
- Mechanical pressure seals
- Chemical seals
- Pulsation dampeners
- Snubber

Seal Pots
Used when measuring steam pressure or in processes
in which a vapor will condense into liquid at
ambient temperature

Acts as a condensate chamber and provides a large
area of liquid contact between process and measuring
instrument

Lead lines to the measuring instrument should be
full of liquid to protect the instrument from high
temperatures

In some cases, the seal pot, line and instrument are
filled with a sealing fluid to prevent freezing

When a sealing fluid is used, the measuring
instrument should be zeroed with the lines full of
the seal fluid; wet leg installation
Seal Pots
Mechanical Pressure Seals
Installed between the measuring instrument and the
process

Isolates the instrument from corrosive, toxic or
plugging effects of the process

Operation is based on Pascals Law; force applied
to a liquid in a confined area is transmitted
undiminished throughout the liquid

Designed so that process pressure exerts a force
on the diaphragm, which is transferred via the
fill liquid to the measuring instrument
Type of fill liquid
used will depend on
the particular
application

In all cases, the
liquid should have
a:
- Low freezing point
- High boiling point
- Low viscosity
- Low coefficient of
thermal expansion
Mechanical Pressure Seals
Siphon
Siphon or pig tail is a type of mechanical seal
commonly used

Used to protect pressure gases from thermal shock in
high process temperatures

Steam and other vapors condense and form a liquid trap
in the lower portion of the siphon

Usually mounted vertically to prevent thermal shock

When mounted horizontally, siphon will absorb some
mechanical shock and vibration
Chemical Seals
Chemical seals is also known as a
diaphragm protector which uses
diaphragm seals

Designed for use where the process
fluid being measured would normally
clog the pressure system or might
freeze due to changes in ambient
temperature and to withstand corrosive
effects of certain process fluids

The diaphragm seals the pressure system
from process fluid

Any movement of the diaphragm will
change the process pressure accordingly
and indicated by the gauge pointer
Pulsation Dampeners
Used in applications where there is rapid
fluctuation of process pressure

Sudden changes in pressure make it
difficult to read the actual value of the
pressure measurement and will cause
unnecessary damage on the measuring
instrument

Fluctuations can be minimized by placing
a restriction in the impulse line to
reduce the response rate of the
instrument
Pulsation Dampeners
Available in a variety designs:
- Contains a porous filter disc at the inlet to the
restriction; rate of response is delayed by a
fixed time of about 10 seconds [A]
- Contains a piston that absorbs shock and surge by
rising and falling with pressure impulses [B]
- Design provide a means for adjusting the amount of
restriction to obtain the best damped response
[C&D]
Snubber
Pressure snubber has the
following functions:

- Eliminates pressure
instrument failure due to
hydraulic or pneumatic
shock
- Smoothes out pressure
impulses and fluctuations
- Removes harmful solids
from actuating fluid
- Assures steady average
pressure readings
Throttling Screw
Simplest means of
providing a restriction
in the socket

This device is threaded
into a tapped hole

Its size is selected base
on the viscosity of the
pressure fluid, rapidity
of pressure fluctuations
and the amount of
dampening effect desired

For non-condensing gasses,
tapping point should be
made to the side or upper
quadrant of the process
line and fitted with a
suitable
process isolation valve

The pressure transducer
(transmitter) should be
positioned above the
tapping point with its
process connection
downwards to allow any
condensate that may form to
drain back into the process
without blocking the
impulse line

To ease service and
commissioning the
transducer should be fitted
with an isolation valve and
vent (or vent valve
For vapor or steam service, the
tapping point should be made to
the side or upper quadrant of
the process line and fitted with
a suitable process isolation
valve

The pressure transducer
(transmitter) should be
positioned below the tapping
point so that the impulse line
will stay filled with condensate
in service

The distance below the impulse
line should be chosen to ensure
that adequate cooling occurs to
prevent thermal damage to the
transducer

For steam service the impulse
line must be filled with water
prior to startup to prevent
possible thermal damage to the
transducer by live steam

To ease service and
commissioning the transducer
should be fitted with an
isolation valve and vent (or
vent valve)

For liquids, the tapping
point should be made to
the side or lower
quadrant of the process
line and fitted with a
suitable process
isolation valve. If
sediments may be present,
do not fit to the bottom
of the process line
The pressure transducer
(transmitter) should be
positioned below the
tapping point with its
process connection
upwards (if possible) to
allow any gasses that may
form to vent back into
the process
To ease service and
commissioning the
transducer should be
fitted with an isolation
valve and vent (or vent
valve)


Pressure sensors require scheduled, periodic maintenance
and/or recalibration
It is necessary to periodically remove the transducer from
the process and to make sure that this procedure does not
require shutting down the process and does not cause injury
or damage
Because the process fluid may be toxic, corrosive, or
otherwise noxious to personnel or the environment, it is
necessary to protect against the release of such fluids
during maintenance
A three-way manifold can
provide such protection. In
the illustration,

- Valve P is used to isolate
the process
- Valve D serves to discharge
the trapped process fluid
from the instrument into
some safe containment
- Valve T is to allow the
application of a known
calibration or test pressure
to the instrument
The dead weight tester is generally regarded as the
most accurate method in calibration of pressure
instruments

It is used for calibration of pressure gauges,
transmitters, transducers, etc.

When fluid pressure generated by a screw pump acts on
the bottom of a vertically free floating piston, the
force produced pushes the loaded free piston vertically
upwards

The piston floats freely in its cylinder and the
pressure in the circuit will be determined by the
weights loaded on the piston divided by the effective
area of the piston with corrections for value of
acceleration due to gravity, air buoyancy and surface
tension
Figure below shows the selection of
various electrical/electronic
pressure elements at a certain
pressure

Pressure transmitter is used where indication, monitoring and/or
controlling of pressure is required at a location not adjacent
to the primary elements eg. panel or control room

The pressure range selection is made base on:
- Process data given by process engineers
- Referring to Line List
- Obtained from Heat and Material Balance






There are two types of transmitters:
- Pneumatic: 3-15 psig
- Electronic: 4-20 mA
Minimum
Normal Maximum
10% 40%- 60% 80%-90%
Pneumatic Transmitter
The differential pressure to be measured is applied across
a pair of metal diaphragms welded to opposite sides of a
capsule

Space between the diaphragms and core member is filled with
liquid

The force developed on the diaphragm by differential
pressure is brought out of the transmitters by a rigid rod
passing through a metal seal diaphragm

This force is opposed by a balancing force developed by
pneumatic bellows

Imbalance between capsule force and pneumatic bellows force
is sensed by a pneumatic nozzle-baffle; which in turn a
servomechanism responsive to nozzle pressure re-establishes
the balance

As a result, pneumatic pressure is maintained exactly
proportional to differential pressure and is used as output
signal

Pneumatic Transmitter Electronic Transmitter
(Rosemount)
Electronic Transmitter
This particular type utilizes a 2-wire capacitance technique

Process pressure is transmitted through isolating diaphragms
and silicone oil fill fluid to a sensing diaphragm in the
center of the cell

The sensing diaphragm is a stretched spring element that
deflects in response to differential pressure across it

The displacement of the sensing diaphragm is proportional to
the differential pressure

The position of the sensing diaphragm is detected by
capacitor plates on both sides of the sensing diaphragm

The differential capacitance between the sensing diaphragm
and the capacitor plates is converted electronically to a 4
20 mA
The operating range, maximum and minimum
pressure should be considered

Gauge pressure transmitters should have an
overpressure rating of at least 150% of the
maximum rating operating pressure

Parameters used in transmitters:
- Span: actual pressure range to be measured
after the transmitter adjustment
- Range: pressure range within which the span
can be adjusted

Most transmitters have two adjustments
- Zero: output minimum is adjusted as 4 mA, 3 psig
or 20 kPa at zero pressure
- Span: output maximum is adjusted as 20 mA, 15 psig
or 100 kPa when pressure as at top of the span
(Rosemount)
(Rosemount)
(Foxboro)
Functional Overview Block Diagram for
Pressure Transmitter
Pressure Transmitter Sensor Units


(Rosemount)
The sensor is isolated mechanically,
electronically and thermally from the
process medium and the external
environment
Mechanical and thermal isolation is
achieved by moving the sensor cell away
from the process flange to a position
in the neck of the electronics housing
This design relieves mechanical tress
on the cell, thereby improving static
pressure performance and removes the
sensor from direct process heat
Glass-sealed pressure transport tubes
and insulated cell mountings provide
electrical isolation, and thus improve
electronic circuitry's flexibility,
performance and transient protection

Capacitance Principle (1967)
The pressure applied to the transmitter
high and low pressure sides is
transmitted by a sealed fill-fluid to
both sides of a sensing diaphragm
As the applied differential pressure
causes the sensing diaphragm to move,
the capacitor of the cell changes as
the pressure changes
The amplifier unit converts the change
in capacitance to a 4 to 20 mA signal
The sensing diaphragm is a stretched
spring element that deflects in
response to differential pressure
across it
The maximum sensing diaphragm movement
is 0.1mm
A 1m distortion of a sensing diaphragm
is equivalent to a 1% error

(Yokogawa)
Piezoresisitive Principle : (1982)
The solid state sensor consists of a
Wheatstone Bridge circuit which has
resistors diffused into a silicon chip,
thereby becoming a part of the automatic
structure of the silicon

As pressure is applied to the IC chip
diaphragm, strain is created in the
bridge resistors

Piezoresistive effects created by this
strain, change the resistance in the
arms of the bridge, producing a voltage
proportional to pressure

Output from the bridge is typically in
the range of 75 to 150mV at full scale
pressure for a bridge excitation 1.0 mA

(Yokogawa)
Single Crystal Silicon Resonant Principle :
(1992)
In the single resonant sensor principle,
the sensor has two H-shape resonators on
a diaphragm chip, one in the center of
the chip and the other is located
slightly off to the side
The resonating element consists of a
silicon beam, which is deflected by the
application of pressure
As pressure is applied, the center
resonator goes into compression, and the
outer resonator goes into tension
altering its natural frequency
The output of the compression resonator
increases from 90 to 110 kHz and the
output of the tension resonator
decreases from 90 to 70 kHz
This produces a high differential output
directly proportional to the pressure
being applied
The digital frequency is easily managed
by the CPU as a time based function
(Yokogawa)
SENSOR COMPARISION
Differential
Capacitance
Silicon
Piezoresistance
Sensor
Single Crystal
Silicon Resonant
Sensor
Material Metal Polycrystal silicon
based
Single crystal
silicon
Temperature
effect
0.2%/50C 0.25%/50C 0.03%/50C
Static pressure
effect
0.25%/100kg/cm
2
0.1%/100kg/cm
2
0.01%/100kg/cm
2
Stability 0.1% 1 year 0.1% 1 year 0.1% 2 year
Hysteresis effect High High Negligible
Type of output
signal from
pressure sensor
Analog Analog

Digital

Transmitter Selection
Considerations that should be viewed when
selecting a pressure transmitter:

i. Functional Specification
- Temperature; process, range
- Pressure; operating and min/max
- Environment; humidity
- Hazardous Location; Zone, Group, Ex-Proof,
IS
- Damping; time constant and corner frequency
- Output; range and no of wire
- Zero Elevation or Suppression
- Power Supply and Load Limits
ii. Performance Specification
- Accuracy
- Linearity
- Hysteresis
- Repeatability
- Temperature Effect
- Overpressure Effect
- Static Pressure Effect
- Vibration Effect
- Power Supply Effect
- Load Effect

iii. Material

iv. Feature
Pressure Gauge Selection
(Ashcroft)
Pressure Gauge Selection
Type of Pressure Element Bourdon, Bellows or Diaphragm
Type of Gauge Gauge Pressure, Absolute Pressure,
Differential Pressure, Compound Pressure
Pressure Range and Unit operating pressure bet. 50-75%
of scale
Dial Size - 2 1/2 up to 12; 4 (commonly used)
Mounting - Bottom, Lower/Center Back or Flush
Pressure Element Material Stainless Steel, Monel
Case Material Phenolic, Stainless Steel
Liquid Filled eg. silicon
Accessory - Pulsation Dampener, Snubber, Throttle Screw,
Siphon or Diaphragm Seal
Blow Out Vent A feature which relieves pressure in the
gauge case
Connection Size 1/2 or 1/4 NPT

Types of Mounting
(Swagelok & Ashcroft)
TEMPERATURE COMPENSATION ON
PRESSURE TRANSMITTER
The sensor of the smart transmitter is uniquely
temperature compensated to ensure high performance
After the basic transmitter has been assembled, it is
tested throughout its input pressure range at various
ambient temperature
Data from these tests are translated into
compensation coefficients and entered into a memory
chip (EEPROM) in the sensor assembly to provide
precise temperature error compensation during
transmitter operation
The coefficients make the transmitter accurate with
changes in pressure and changes in ambient
temperature
This compensation is proposed because temperature
changes will cause the pressure element to expend or
contract
As a result instability of output will occur

Basic Instrumentation 3
rd
Edition
Chapter 5: Pressure Measurement and
Control
SKG 14: Pressure, Flow, Level and
Temperature Training Module
Yokogawa BrainWave Newsletter
Rosemount Measurement Model 3051 Smart
Pressure Transmitter Family Brochure
Foxboro Intelligent Pressure Transmitter
Product Specification
Ashcroft Pressure Gauges Product
Catalogues
Swagelok Pressure Gauge Technical
Brochure
Endress and Hauser Industrial Automation
2003 Product Catalogue
www.sciencemadesimple.net