- Definition of urbanisation.

- The advantages and disadvantages of urbanisation.

- Factors influencing storm hydrographs.
- Case study on urbanisation.
when the rural character of a
town is gradually replaced by
housing and industrial
development, resulting in more
suburbs. Essentially, it is an
increase in the proportion.
Advantages:

I. Growth in industrial
productions to increase the
economic growth of a
country.
II. Growth in trade and
commerce to help the
nations business sector.
III. Development in tourism
industries.
IV. Improvement in culture.
Disadvantages:

I. In increasing of population will cause
housing problems and slum will develop
in this areas.
II. The decrease in rural population effects
the agricultural productions due to
shortage of workers in rural areas.
III. The increase in population in urban places
pressurize water and sanitation facilities.
It results in environmental pollution and
self hygiene.
IV. The unemployment increases in urban
areas due to limited job vacancies.
Before Urbanisation:

o Vegetated areas help to
reduce flood risk by
increasing the time it takes
foe water to reach a river by
encouraging infiltration (roots
opening up the soil),
intercepting water by their
leaves and taking up water in
their roots.
Effects on storm hydrograph:

Low peak discharge.
Gentle rising limb and
recession limb.
Longer lag time.
Less surface runoff.
After Urbanisation:

o Areas cleared by
deforestation will respond
quickly to rainfall due to the
reduced interception.
o Impermeable surfaces (such
as tarmac) have a much
lower infiltration rate than
naturally vegetated surfaces.

Effects on storm hydrograph:

High peak discharge.
Steeper rising limb &
recession limb.
Shorter lag time.
More surface runoff.
CAUSES AND EFFECTS OF FLOODING IN MOZAMBIQUE 2000:

The flooding was triggered by exceptionally heavy rain in South Africa,
lasting for 5 weeks in early 2000.
Botswana was particularly badly hit, receiving 75% of its yearly rainfall in 3
days.
On 22
nd
February , Cyclone Eline hit, bringing more heavy rainfall.
The rain from Botswana and other South African countries ran into
Limpopo, Zambezi and other rivers which flow through Mozambique to
the sea.
The river eventually burst causing severe flooding in Mozambique.
In addition, the loss of grassland and draining of marshland for farms
contributed to more rapid surface run off .
The results were disastrous : services were cut off and many people
were stranded, homeless or had died.
Urbanisation in South Africa contributed to the large quantities of
surface water run off swelling the rivers.


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