ELECTRICAL MACHINES

HOW DO THEY WORK??

The components of the motor effect
a current carrying conductor
+
a permanent magnetic field

results in a force being exerted on the
conductor which causes the conductor to
move
Flemings Left Hand rule -
used to predict the
direction of the force acting
on the conductor in a
magnetic field
Direction of the magnetic
field: from N S

Current direction is the
direction of flow of the
conventional current
Basic Electric Machines
Outside part of machine does
not move, is stationary
Is called stator
Held stationary
through vibration
damping
attachments
Central part of
machine rotates
Is called Rotor
Shaft will
rotate within
some form of
bearing.
Lorentz force on a conductor:

Open right
hand rule
Bil F
Source: T. Wildi, Electrical Machines, Drives and Power Systems, 5th Edition, Prentice-Hall, 2002
Basic Electric Machines
A pole is a magnetic pole, that is north or
south.
Must always have a north and a matching
south pole so poles always are in pairs.
On next slide is a two pole or one pole-pair
DC machine.
Commutators are mechanical switches
that change direction of current.


Basic Electric Machines
South pole North pole
Magnetic flux
north to south
X
South pole North pole
elevation
plan
Rotation path
Conductor with
current out of page
Conductor with
current into page
Apply Lenzs Law
open right hand rule
Rotates about
axis
Force
Force
Basic DC Machines
South
pole
X
Force
North
pole
X
X
Angular velocity
Zero Force
X
Basic DC Machines
South
pole
X
North
pole
X
X
Zero Force
X
+V
Brush and
gap sized to
avoid short
circuit.
X
Commutator
The power flows in electric machines are
reversible.
To operate machine as motor supply electric
power to get mechanical power.
To operate as generator supply mechanical
power to generate electrical power.
To operate DC machine as generator remove
DC voltage supply and externally rotate shaft
Conductor moving through (cutting lines of)
magnetic flux induces voltage and/or current.
Commutator
DC Machines
The rotor has a ring-shaped
laminated iron core with
slots.
The commutator consists of
insulated copper segments
mounted on an insulated
tube.
Two brushes are pressed to
the commutator to permit
current flow.
The brushes are placed in
the neutral zone, where the
magnetic field is close to
zero, to reduce arcing.
DC Machine Construction
|
Shaft
Brush
Copper
segment
Insulation
Rotor
Winding
N S
I
r_dc
I
r_dc
/2
Rotation
I
r_dc
/2
I
r_dc
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Pole
winding
Figure 8.2 Commutator with the rotor coils connections.

These can be divided into:
Generators which convert mechanical energy
into electrical energy.
Motors which convert electrical energy into
mechanical energy.
Both types operate through the interaction
between a magnetic field and a set of
windings.
What is a Motor?
Definition:
A rotating machine
that converts
electrical power
(either alternating
current or direct
current) into
mechanical power.
Encoder
Brush Cover
Brush
Iron less winding

Housing
Motor pinion
Ball bearing
Ball bearing
Motor plange
Output shaft

Magnet shaft
Commutator
Gear head flange
Planets
Planet carrier plate
Internal gear
Different parts of a Motor
How Does A Motor Do Work?
If the current carrying wire is
bent into a loop, then the
two sides of the loop which
are at right angles to the
magnetic field will experience
forces In opposite directions.
An electric current in a
magnetic field will
experience a force.
Contd.
How Does A Motor Do Work?
The pair of forces creates a
turning influence or torque to
rotate the coil.
Practical motors have several
loops on an armature to provide
a more uniform torque and the
magnetic field is produced by an
electro magnet arrangement
called the field coils.
DC Motors
When current flows in a conductor it produces a
magnetic field about it - as shown in (a) below.
When the current-carrying conductor is within an
externally generated magnetic field, the fields interact
and a force is exerted on the conductor - as in (b).
DC motor characteristics:
Many forms each with slightly different
characteristics.
Again can be permanent magnet, or series-
wound, shunt-wound or compound wound.
Figure below shows a shunt-wound DC motor.
Different Types of DC Motor

Induction Motor.
Universal Motor.
Conventional DC Motor.
Brush-less DC Motor.

Induction motors:
These are perhaps the most
important for DC motor.
Rather than use slip rings to
pass current to the field coils
in the rotor, current is
induced in the rotor by
transformer action.
The stator is similar to that
in a synchronous motor.
The rotor is simply a set of
parallel conductors shorted
together at either end by two
conducting rings.
Induction
motor
Contd.
Advantages:
Cheap.
Quiet.
Long lasting.
Creates no interference .
Disadvantages:
a. Wants to turn at constant speed.
b. Cannot turn faster than 1500rpm (4-polemotor).
c. Kind of big and bulky for the power it develops.
While most motors operate from either AC or DC,
some can operate from either.
These are universal motors and resemble series-
wound DC motors, but are designed for both AC
and DC operation.
Typically operate at high speed (usually > 10,000 rpm).
Offer high power-to-weight ratio.
Ideal for portable equipment such as hand drills and
vacuum cleaners.
Contd.
Contd.
Advantages:
Will turn at any speed you want it to,
including really fast.
A lot of power in a small package.
Disadvantages:
Horrible.
Arcing brushes create radio interference,
ozone, noise.
Conventional DC motor
There are plenty of these in the average household,
lurking inside battery powered toys, the cassette
player, cordless drill.
Advantages:
Reasonably inexpensive.
Easy to control.
Adaptable.
Disadvantages:
Brushes eventually wear out.
Brushes create electrical interference.
Brushes are bad.
Contd.
Brushless DC motor
DC Generators
Self excited Separately-excited
Shunt
Series Compound
Long shunt Short shunt
The mains parts of a d. c generator are:
1. Yoke
2. Field System
3. Conductor system
4. Commutator
5. Brushes
6. Shaft & bearings


Contd.
1. Yoke:
Yoke is the outer most part of the machine
All parts of the machine are enclosed with in
this, hence they are fully protected.
Functions:
It provides mechanical support to the poles.
It provides a low reluctance path to the
magnetic flux.




2. Field System:
It contains three main components,
i. Pole core.
ii. Pole shoe.
iii. Field coil.
Pole core:
It is the Pole body & it is fitted to the Yoke
by means of bolts & nuts.
Functions:
a. To support for the Field coil.
b. To establish Magnetic flux.

Pole shoe:
It is a projection of the pole core and integral
with it. It extends a large area of the air gap
under the pole.
Functions:
a. It supports the field coil.
b. It enables the lines of magnetic flux to cross
the air gap radially.
c. It spreads out the magnetic flux over a large
area of the air gap.

3. Conductor system:
a) Armature winding: It has two types, Lap &
Wave.
b) Armature core: It is to support the armature
winding. It is minimise power loss due to
production of eddy currents.
4. Commutator:
The main function of commutator is to collect the
current induced in the armature winding, and
rectify it i.e. convert the alternating current induced
in the armature winding into unidirectional current.
5.
Its main function is to collect the
rectified current from the commutator
and lead this current to the external load
circuit.

Yoke
Eye bolt
Commutator
Armature
Armature
windings
Legs
Field coils
Brushes
DC generator characteristics:
Vary slightly between forms.
Examples shown here are for a shunt-wound
generator.
contd
.
3 Point dc motor Starter
A squirrel-cage induction motor