Welcome

Lecture statistics
Week 1

Chapter 1 - 4

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Contents of the first lecture
› General information lectures statistics
› Lecturer
› Assessment
› Schedule of the homework assignments
› Chapter 1-4 of the book

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General information lectures statistics
› Teaching
› 2 hour lecture
› 1 hour workshop
› Student activities
› Study load
› 56 hours (2 EC)
› Literature
› Lind, Statistical techniques in Business and Economics

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Lecturer
› M. J. Feenstra
› Stenden room 2.84
› marten.jan.feenstra@stenden.com,
› tel.: 058-2441557

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Assessment
› Written exam
› Participation in all lectures and workshops
› Participation on Bello

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Schedule of the homework assignments
› Refer to Bello

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Chapter 1-4 of the book
Statistics is the science of collecting, organizing,
presenting, analyzing, and interpreting numerical data
to assist in making more effective decisions.

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Students grade for statistics exam

Student Gender Grade

Rebecca F 6.8
Joe M 7.5
Jimmy M 4.7
Adrian M 5.9
Fiona F 7.5
Sara F 4.8

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Students grade for statistics exam

Student Gender Grade

Joe M 7.5
Fiona F 7.5
Rebecca F 6.8
Adrian M 5.9
Sara F 4.8
Jimmy M 4.7

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Presenting data

Relative Average grade

frequency
Male 0.500 6.0
Female 0.500 6.4

Mode = 7.5
Median = 6.4

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Types of statistics
› Descriptive statistics
› Organizing, summarizing and presenting data
› Inferential statistics
› Estimate a property of a population using a sample
(subject of M7)

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Population vs sample

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Types of variables
› List examples
› Differentiate between:
› Qualitative variable (attribute) and Quantitative
variable
› Discrete variable and continuous variable

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Levels of measurement
› Uses the before listed variables
› Differentiate between:
› Nominal
› Ordinal
› Interval
› Ratio

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Chapter 2
› Frequency table
Brand mobile Number sold Relative
phone frequency
Nokia 106 0.277
Sony Ericsson 56 0.147
Samsung 35 0.092
LG 29 0.076
Others 156 0.408
Total 382 1.000

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Percentage bar chart

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Percentage pie chart

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Frequency distribution
Is the data from a sample of a population?

KM’s travel to work (N = 20)

1 12 12 32
12 3 15 12
15 5 17 35
96 4 41 21
25 1 42 45

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Frequency distribution
KM’s travel Frequency Relative Cumulative Cumulative
to work frequency frequency percentage
0 - 20 km 12 0.600 12 0.600
20 - 40 km 4 0.200 16 0.800
40 - 60 km 3 0.150 19 0.950
60 - 80 km 0 0.000 19 0.950

80 - 100 km 1 0.050 20 1.000

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Histogram

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Frequency polygon

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Cumulative frequency distribution

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Chapter 3
Numerical measures

KM’s travel to work (N = 20)

1 12 12 32
12 3 15 12
15 5 17 35
96 4 41 21
25 1 42 45

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Numerical measures
› Mean
› Population mean
› Sample mean
› Arithmetic mean
› Weighted mean
› Geometric mean
› Median
› Mode

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Population and sample mean

› Example: population mean

› KM’s travel to work:
∑X / N = 446 / 20 = 22.3 km
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Arithmetic mean
› Use interval or ratio data
› Include all values
› Unique mean
› Sum al the deviations is zero

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Arithmetic mean of grouped data
KM’s travel Frequency (f) Midpoint (M) fM
to work
0 - 20 km 12 10 120
20 - 40 km 4 30 120
40 - 60 km 3 50 150
60 - 80 km 0 70 0

80 - 100 km 1 90 90

Total 20 480

› Arithmetic mean = ∑fM / n = 480 / 20 = 24 km

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Weighted mean
› Limited options
› Chosen more than once

› 3 types of mobile phones: 59, 149 and 449 euro

› Sold 2, 1 and 3 times

› Mean = 59 + 59 + 149 + 449 + 449 + 449 / 6 = 1614 / 6 = 269

› Easier:
› Mean = 2(59) + 1(149) + 3(449) = 1614 / 6 = 269
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Geometric mean
› Blu-Ray Players
› Development of average price level: 5 percent, 10
percent, -15 percent and -25 percent.

› GM = 4√(1.05)(1.1)(0.85)(0.75) = 4√0.74 = 0.93

› Average 7% cheaper.

› In Excel: 0.74^(1/4)
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Dispersion
› Weight of bags of crisps (150 grams)
Natural taste Paprika taste
145 143 152 148
158 157 147 153
157 142 149 147
141 157 153 151

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Chapter 4
› Quartiles, Deciles and Percentiles
› First quartile?
› 10, 15, 4 and 9
› Order: 4, 9, 10, 15
› L25 = (n + 1) P / 100 = (4 + 1) 25 / 100 = 1.25
›9–4=5
› 0.25(5) = 1.25
› 4 + 1.25 = 5.25
› First quartile is at 5.25
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Box plot
› Waiting time for IF restaurant
› Min: 1 min
› Q1: 3 min
› Median 5 min
› Q3: 8 min
› Max: 15 min

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Box plot

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Scatter plot
› Age vs income per month

Age Income per month

15 300
25 3000
17 1500
20 1950
30 3300
21 2100
16 560

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Scatter plot
› Age vs income per month

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Statistics continued
› This week:
› Prepare for workshop
› Workshop
› Prepare for next lecture

› Subject of next lecture:

› Chapter 5: A survey of probability concepts

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