Basic of Protection in

Power System

Md Sajid Akhter
Asstt. Manager (E&C)
Introduction
System Protection: the equipment use
to detect and isolate the faulty section
from the system automatically.
Introduction
Short circuit occur when equipment
insulation fails due to system overvoltages
caused by:
Lightning or switching surges
Flashover line-line (caused by wind)
Flashover to tree
Insulation contamination by dirt/salt
Mechanical failure
Cable insulation failure
Natural causes
Tower/pole or conductor falls
Objects fall on conductors
Introduction
Short circuit currents can be several orders
of magnitude larger than normal operating
currents
If it is allowed to persist, may cause:
Damage to the equipment due to heavy currents,
unbalanced current, or low voltage produces by
the short circuit
Fire and explosion effect equipment/people
interruption of service in the entire power
system area
Introduction
Careful design, operation and
maintenance of system protection can
minimize the occurrence of short
circuit but cannot eliminate them.
Fault Currents and Voltages
Function of System Protection
Cause the prompt removal from service of any
elements of power system when it suffers a short
circuit, or when it start to operate in any abnormal
manner that might cause damage or otherwise
interfere with the effective operation of the rest of
the system.
Provide indication of the location and type of failure
so that the data can be used to assist in expediting
repair and analyzing the effectiveness of fault-
prevention and improvement features.
Function of System Protection
Why do we need system protection:
Detect fault
Isolate faulted component
Restore faulted component
Aims:
Continued supply for rest of system
Protect faulted part from damage

Types of Protection
A Fuses
For LV Systems, Distribution Feeders and
Transformers, VTs, Auxiliary Supplies

B - Over current and earth fault
Widely used in All Power Systems
Non-Directional
Directional

Types of Protection
C - Differential
For Distribution Feeders, Busbars,
Transformers, Generators etc

High Impedance
Restricted E/F
Biased Differential
Pilot Wire

Types of Protection
D - Distance
For Transmission and Sub-transmission Lines
and Distribution Feeders,
Also used as back-up protection for
transformers and generators without
signaling with signaling to provide unit
protection e.g.:
Time-stepped distance protection
Phase comparison for transmission lines
Directional comparison for transmission lines

Types of Protection
E - Miscellaneous:
Under and over voltage
Under and over frequency
A special relay for generators, transformers,
motors etc.
Control relays: auto-reclose, tap change
control, etc.
Tripping and auxiliary relays


Design Criteria/Characteristics
Simplicity
Economy
Speed
Sensitivity
Selectivity
Reliability
Design Criteria/Characteristics
Reliability
Operate dependably and in healthy operating
condition when fault conditions occur, even after
remaining idle for months or years.
Selectivity
Clearly discriminate between normal and
abnormal system condition to avoid unnecessary,
false trips.
Sensitivity
Ability to distinguish the fault condition,
although the different between fault and normal
condition is small.
Design Criteria/Characteristics
Speed
Fault at any point in the system must be
detected and isolated rapidly to minimize fault
duration and equipment damage. Any intentional
time delays should be precise.
Economy
Provide maximum protection at minimum cost
Simplicity
Minimize protection equipment and circuitry

System Protection Components
Transducer / Instrument Transformer
Relay
Circuit Breaker
System Protection Components
Function:
Transducers/Instrument Transformers
Provide low current and voltage, standardized levels
suitable for the relays operation.
Relays
Discriminate between normal operating and fault
conditions.
When current exceed a specified value relay will be
operated and cause the trip coil of CB to be
energized/open their contact.
Circuit Breakers
Open the line

System Protection Components
System Protection Components
System Protection Flow
Relay Transducer
Fault
Occur
Circuit
Breaker
Fault
Clear
voltage or current rise from normal condition
voltage/current is reduced to match with relay rating
activate circuit breaker
circuit isolation
Transducers
Also known as Instrument Transformer
Use to reduce abnormal current & voltage
levels and transmit input signals to the
relays of a protection system.
Why do we need transducer:
The lower level input to the relays ensures that
the physical hardware used to construct the
relays will be small & cheap
The personnel who work with the relays will be
working in a safe environment.
Transducers
Current and Voltage Transformers
Correct connection of CTs and VTs to the
protection is important directional,
distance, phase comparison and
differential protections.
Earth CT and VT circuits at one point only;
Voltage Transformers
VT is considered to be sufficiently
accurate.
It is generally modeled as an ideal
transformer.
VT secondary connected to voltage-
sensing device with infinite
impedance.


Voltage Transformers
Types of VTs
Electromagnetic VT
Capacitive VT
Busbar VTs
Special consideration needed when used for line
protection
LV application(15 kV or lower)
Industry standard transformer with a primary
winding at a system voltage and secondary winding at
66.4 V
(line-to-neutral)
and 115 V
(line-to-line).


Voltage Transformers
Voltage Transformers



Voltage/Potential
Transformer
(VT/PT)
Voltage Transformers
Voltage Transformers
Voltage Transformers
HV and EHV
Capacitor-coupled VT (CVT)
C
1
& C
2
are adjusted, so that a few kVs of
voltage is obtains across C
2
Then, stepped down by T
VTs must be fused or protected by MCB.
Voltage Transformers
Voltage Transformers
VT ratios:
ratio of the high voltage/secondary
voltage
1:1 2:1 2.5:1 4:1
5:1 20:1 40:1 60:1
80:1 100:1 200:1 300:1
400:1 600:1 800:1 1000:1
2000:1 3000:1 4500:1
Current Transformers
CT is an instrument transformer that is used
to supply a reduced value of current to
meters, protective relays, and other
instruments.
The primary winding consist of a single turn
which is the power conductor itself.
CT secondary is connected to a current-
sensing device with ideally zero impedance.

Current Transformers
Various CTs ratio(secondary current rating is
5A)
50:5 100:5 150:5 200:5
250:5 300:5 400:5 450:5
500:5 600:5 800:5 900:5
1000:5 1200:5
CTs also available with the secondary rating
of 1A
Current Transformers
Current Transformers
Current Transformers
Exciting Current (I
E
)
Knee Point Voltage (V
k
)
Initial region
Unsaturation region
Saturation region
Current Transformers
Knee Point Voltage: The 'knee-point' of the
excitation curve is defined as 'that point at which a
further increase of 10% of secondary e.m.f. would
require an increment of exciting current of 50%
Metering CT: Instruments and Meters are
required to work accurately upto full load, so it
advantageous to saturate and protect the instrument
under fault condition and hence to have metering
CTs with very sharp knee point voltage.
Current Transformers
Protection CT: It should govern with a wide
range of current from acceptable fault setting to
maximum fault currents many times normal rating,
hence it is important that saturation is avoided
wherever possible to ensure positive operation of the
relays mainly the currents are many times the normal
current.
Specification Example:
Protection Metering
Rated Burdon : 15VA 15VA
Accuracy Class : 5P 0.5
Accuracy Limit Factor : 20 Class 1.0

ALF is 20 times of rated current
VT and CT Schematic
Zones of Protection
For fault anyway within the zone, the
protection system responsible to
isolate everything within the zone from
the rest of the system.
Isolation done by CB
Must isolate only the faulty equipment
or section
Zones of Protection
Zones are defined for:

Generators
Transformers
Buses
Transmission and distribution lines
Zones of Protection
Transformer
Protection






Generator Protection
Following problems require consideration from the
point of view of applying Generator Protection:
Stator Earth Fault
Unbalancing Loading
Rotor Earth Fault
Loss of Synchronism (Out of Step)
Loss of Excitation (Field Failure)
Reverse Power
Over Voltage
Over/Under Frequency
Overspeeding
Exceesive Vibration
Bearing Temperature ..etc

Stator Earth Fault Protection
Failure of Stator Windings or connection insulation
can result in severe damage to the winding and
stator core.
The most probable mode of insulation failure is
phase to earth.
An earth fault involving the stator core results in
burning of the iron at the point of fault and welds
laminations together.
The flashover is more likely to occur in the end
winding region, where electrical stresses are
highest.
Stator Earth Fault Protection
Phase to Phase fault are less common, they may
occur in the slots if the winding invloves two coil
sides in the same slot.
Inturturn faults are rare but significant fault loop
current can arise where such a fault does occur.
For machine greater than 1MVA high sensitive, high
speed differential Protection is applied for protect
heavy damage due to Stator Earth Fault.
Following Protection are used for Stator Earth Fault
Protection
Differential Protection (87)
PLANT TO BE
PROTECTED
I
1
I
2
I
1
= I
2
Healthy; no trip
| I
1
- I
2
| > Limit Fault; trip
Differential Protection
When a short circuit develop anywhere between the
two CTs.
If current flows to the short circuit from both sides
as shown, the sum of the CT secondary currents will
flow through the differential relay.
It is not necessary that short-circuit current flow to
the fault from both sides to cause secondary current
to flow through the differential relay.
Biased Differential Protection
K1
K2
RESTRAIN
OPERATE
Operating Characteristic
Ibias
Idiff
Is2
Is1
In a biased differential relay, the through current is used to increase the setting of the
differential element. For heavy through faults, it is unlikely that the CT outputs at each zone
end will be identical, due to the effects of CT saturation. In this case a differential current
can be produced. However, the biasing will increase the relay setting, such that the
differential spill current is insufficient to operate the relay.
The differential current setting, Gen Diff s1, should be set to a low setting to protect as
much of the machine winding as possible. A setting of 5% of rated current of the machine is
generally considered to be adequate. Gen Diff s2, the threshold above which the second
bias setting is applied, should be set to 120% of the machine rated current.
The initial bias slope setting, Gen Diff k1, should be set to 0% to provide optimum
sensitivity for internal faults. The second bias slope may typically be set to 150% to provide
adequate stability for external faults.

High Impedance Differential Protection
Due to limitation of percentage biased diff. scheme when assymetric
growth in the system current can cause the CT (nearby fault) approach to
saturation level.
The relay can be made more stable for the maximum applied voltage by
increasing the overall impedance of the relay circuit. As the impedance of
the relay input is relatively small hence a series connected external resistor
is require to increase the overall impedance.
An additional Non Linear Resistor (Like Metrosil) shunted connected
may be deployed to limit the peak secondary voltage during internal fault
condition.

To be cont

Thanks