UNIT V

Thermodynamics: Thermodynamics system (open, closed, isolated), Thermodynamic

Properties: Definition and Units of Temperature, Pressure (atmospheric, absolute,
gauge), Volume, Internal Energy, Enthalpy, Concept of Mechanical Work,
Thermodynamics Laws with examples Zeroth, First, Limitation of First Law, Concept
of Heat Sink, Source, Heat Engine, Heat Pump, Refrigeration Engine, 2
nd
law of
thermodynamics statement (Kelvin Plank, Claussius), Numerical of 2
nd
law only
Measurements: Measurement of Temperature (Thermocouple Type according to
temperature range and application), Measurement of Pressure (Barometer, Bourdon
Pressure Gauge, Simple U Tube Manometer with numerical)
Thermal Engineering

Introduction
Definition of Thermodynamics:
Branch of physical science which deals with study of
energy transfer and its effects on properties of
system and surrounding
Application of thermodynamics:


Thermodynamic System,
Surrounding and Boundary
Thermodynamic System
A quantity of matter or region in
space chosen for study

Surroundings
Mass or region outside the system

Boundary
The real or imaginary surface that
separates the system from the
surroundings
Types of Thermodynamics Systems
Closed System (control mass)

Consists of a fixed amount of mass

Mass can NOT cross the boundary

Energy can cross the boundary

Volume does not have to be fixed




Isolated System

Special case of a closed
system
No energy is allowed to
cross the boundary

mass = constant
Volume = constant
Energy = constant
Open System (control volume)
Any arbitrary region in space
Usually involves a device through which
mass flows
Mass and energy can cross the boundary
Can be fixed in space or have a moving
boundary
Control volumes can change in actual
volume with time
Properties of a System
Property
Any characteristic of a system
E.g. temperature, pressure, volume

Intensive Property
Independent of the size of the system
E.g. temperature, pressure, density

Extensive Property
Value depends on the size (or extent) of
the system
E.g. mass, volume, total energy

Specific Properties
Extensive properties per unit mass
E.g. specific volume, specific energy
m V v
m E e
Property Unit Conversion
Temperature Kelvin ( K),
Celcius
1 = 273 K
Pressure N/m2, bar,
Pascal(pa), mm
of Hg
1 bar = 10 5 Pa
1 atm = 1.01325
bars
Volume m3, Litre 1 litre = 10-3 m3
Internal energy Joule (J), N.m 1J = 1 N.m
Enthalpy Joule (J)
Units & Conversion
Zeroth Law of
Thermodynamics
Observation
When a body is brought into contact with another body that is at a
different temperature, heat is transferred from the body at higher
temperature to the one at lower temperature until both bodies attain
the same temperature (thermal equilibrium)
Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
If two bodies are in thermal equilibrium with a third
body, they are also in equilibrium with each other
Cannot be concluded from the other laws of
thermodynamics
Serves as a validity of temperature measurement
Restated: Two bodies are in thermal equilibrium if
both have the same temperature reading, even if
they are not in contact

When closed system executes a cyclic
process the algebric sum of work transfers
is propertional to the algebraic sum of heat
transfer






CYCLE CYCLE
Q W


Example:









Automobile
Engine
Chemical Kinetic
Heater/Furnace Chemical Heat
Hydroelectric Gravitational Electrical
Solar Optical Electrical
Nuclear Nuclear Heat, Kinetic,
Optical
Battery Chemical Electrical
Food Chemical Heat, Kinetic
Photosynthesis Optical Chemical
Ist Law of a Thermodynamics
Limitation of First Law
of Thermodynamics
A cup of hot coffee left in a cooler room eventually cools off.
The reverse of this process- coffee getting hotter as a result of heat
transfer from a cooler room does not take place.
Consider heating of a room by passage of electric current
through an electric resistor. Transferring of heat from room will
not cause electrical energy to be generated through the wire.
Consider a paddle-wheel mechanism operated by fall of mass.
Potential energy of mass decreases and internal energy of the fluid
increases. Reverse process does not happen, although this would
not violate first law.
Water flows down hill where by potential energy is converted
into K.E. Reverse of this process does not occur in nature.






Processes proceed in a certain direction and not in the
reverse direction. The first law places no restriction on
direction.

A process will not occur unless it satisfies both the first
and second laws of thermodynamics.

Second law not only identifies the direction of process, it
also asserts that energy has quality as well as quantity.
Need Of Second Law of
Thermodynamics
Source and Sink
A reservoir that supplies energy in the
form of heat is called a source and one
that absorbs energy in the form of heat is
called a sink. For example, atmospheric
air is a source for heat pumps and a sink
for air conditioners.

Thermal Reservoir

A thermal reservoir is a large system (very high mass x specific heat
value) from which a quantity of energy can be absorbed or added as
heat without changing its temperature. The atmosphere and sea are
examples of thermal reservoirs.
W= Q1-Q2
Heat Engine
Q1
Q2
Refrigerator and Heat
Pump
Statement of Second law of thermodynamics


The Kelvin-Planck Statement:
It is impossible for any device that
operates on a cycle to receive heat from single
reservior and produce net amount of work.







Thermal energy reservoir
Engine
Q1= 100 kw
Q2=0
W = 100kw
Heat engine violetes the Kelvin
Planck statement
Clausius Statement
It is impossible to construct a device that operates in a
cycle and produces no effect other than the transfer of
heat from a low temperature body to higher
temperature body.
Warm environment
REFRIGERATOR
Cold refrigerated space
Q1 = 5 KJ
Q2 = 5 kJ
W = 0
Temperature Measurement
What is a Thermocouple?
A thermocouple consists of two
dissimilar metals, joined together at
one end, which produce a small
voltage when heated (or cooled).
This voltage is measured and used
to determine the temperature of the
heated metals. The voltage for any
one temperature is unique to the
combination of metals used.

Summary of Different Types
of Thermocouple
Pressure Measurement Devices

Absolute pressure: The actual pressure at a
given position
Gage pressure: Difference between absolute
and atmospheric pressure.
Vacuum pressure: Pressure below
atmospheric pressure.

Barometer
Bourdon Pressure Gauge
Simple U Tube Manometer