H.R.H.

THE PRINCE OF
WALES INSTITUTE OF
ENGINEERING &
TECHONOLOGY












R.Bhuyan Aaditya
Shyam Thowmong
P. Goswami
POW/11/EL/001
CONTENT
Introduction
History
What are Fiber Optics
Fiber Optics
Fiber Technology
Fiber Has More Capacity
Why Use Fiber Optics
How Does an Optical Fiber Transmit Light
Advantages of Fiber Optics
Dense Wave-Division Multiplexing (DWDM)
How Are Optical Fibers Made
Optical Fiber Capacity Growth 1983-2012
Fiber Optic Applications
Conclusion
Reference
Introduction
You hear about fiber-optic cables
whenever people talk about the
telephone system, the cable TV system
or the Internet.
Fiber-optic lines are strands of
optically pure glass as thin as a human
hair that carry digital information over
long distances.

The first commercial fiber optic
installation was in for telephone
signals in Chicago, installed in
1976. The first long distance
networks were operational in the
early 1980s. By 1985, most of
today's basic technology was
developed and being installed in
the fiber optic networks that now
handle virtually all long distance
telecommunications.
Concept a century old
Used commercially for last 25 years

What are Fiber Optics?
Fiber optics (optical fibers) are long,
thin strands of very pure glass about
the diameter of a human hair.
They are arranged in bundles called
optical cables and used to transmit
light signals over long distances.
If you look closely at a single optical
fiber, you will see that it has the
following parts:
Core
Cladding
Buffer coating



Fiber Optics:-
Buffer coating
cladding
fiber core

Fiber Technology
Optical fiber is comprised of a light
carrying core surrounded by a cladding
(usually fused silica glass) which traps
the light in the core by the principle of
total internal reflection. Most optical
fibers are made of glass, although
some are made of plastic. The core and
cladding are usually fused silica glass
which is covered by a plastic coating
called the buffer or primary buffer
coating which protects the glass fiber
from physical damage and moisture.
There are some all plastic fibers used
for specific applications. Glass optical
fibers are the most common type used
in communication applications.


Why Fiber ?
That tiny strand of optical fiber can carry
more communications signals than the
giant copper cable in the background and
over much longer distances.
The copper cable has about 1000 pairs of
conductors. Each pair can only carry
about 24 telephone conversations a
distance of less than 3 miles.
The cost of transmitting a single phone
conversation over fiber optics is only
about 1% the cost of transmitting it over
copper wire! Thats why fiber is the
exclusive medium for long distance
communications.



Why Use Fiber Optics?
Economics
Speed
Distance
Weight/size
Freedom from interference
Electrical isolation
Security
How Does an Optical Fiber
Transmit Light?
Suppose we want to shine a flashlight beam
down a long, straight hallway.
Just point the beam straight down the
hallway -- light travels in straight lines, so it is
no problem. What if the hallway has a bend
in it?
You could place a mirror at the bend to
reflect the light beam around the corner.
What if the hallway is very winding with
multiple bends?
You might line the walls with mirrors and
angle the beam so that it bounces from side-
to-side all along the hallway. This is exactly
what happens in an optical fiber.
How Does an Optical Fiber
Transmit Light?
The light in a fiber-optic cable travels through
the core (hallway) by constantly bouncing
from the cladding (mirror-lined walls), a
principle called total internal reflection.
Because the cladding does not absorb any
light from the core, the light wave can travel
great distances.
However, some of the light signal degrades
within the fiber, mostly due to impurities in
the glass. The extent that the signal degrades
depends on the purity of the glass and the
wavelength of the transmitted light
How Does an Optical Fiber
Transmit Light?
TOTAL INTERNAL
REFLECTION
Fiber Optic Cables
Advantages of Fiber Optics
Higher carrying capacity
Non-flammable, and immune to lightning.
Lightweight & Impossible to tap into a fiber
optics cable, making it more secure.
Unlike electrical signals in copper wires, light
signals from one fiber do not interfere with
those of other fibers in the same cable
Flexible Medical imaging
- in bronchoscopes, endoscopes,
laparoscopes
Mechanical imaging - inspecting mechanical welds
in pipes and engines (in airplanes, rockets, space
shuttles, cars)
Plumbing - to inspect sewer lines

Dis-advantages of Fiber
Optics

Fiber optics are that the cables are
expensive to install.
The termination of a fiber optics cable
is complex and requires special tools.
They are more fragile than coaxial
cable.
Optical fiber can not be join
together as easily as copper
cable. It requires training and
expensive splicing and
measurement equipment.

Dense Wave-Division
Multiplexing (DWDM)
-
-
-
1
2
3
N
-
-
-
Multiple colors (frequencies) sent
through the fiber at the same time,
more than 100

Each color carries a separate signal

Allows huge bandwidth
How Are Optical Fibers
Made?
Making optical fibers requires the
following steps:
Making a perform glass cylinder
Drawing the fibers from the
perform
Testing the fibers

Optical Fiber Capacity Growth
1983-2012
0
200
400
600
800
1,000
1,200
1,400
OC-48
OC-192
OC-192, 2l
OC-48, 40l
OC-192, 16l
OC-48, 96l
OC-192, 32l
OC-192, 48l
OC-192, 80l
OC-192, 128l
1.7 Gb 565Mb
135Mb
Single
Fiber
Capacity
(Gigabits/sec)
1 Terabit =
World record 16TB per second
Fiber Optic Applications
Fiber is already used in:
> 90% of all long distance telephony
> 50% of all local telephony
Becoming popular for FTTH (fiber to the
home)
Most CATV networks
Most LAN (computer network) backbones
Many video surveillance links

Trends in india
The National Optical Fiber Network (NOFN) is a project
to provide broadband connectivity to over two lakh
(200,000) Gram panchayats of India at a cost of
Rs.20,000 crore ($4 billion).
16 States and Union Territories signed the MoUs on 26
October 2012. These states and Union Territories were
Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Chhattisgarh,
Jharkhand, Karnataka, Manipur, Mizoram, Rajasthan,
Tripura, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand and 3 Union
Territories viz. Dadra & Nagar Haveli, Daman & Diu and
Puducherry.. Tripartite MoU were signed with other ten
states and Union Territories on 12 April 2013. These
states and Union Territories were Assam, Bihar, Gujarat,
Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Maharashtra,
Nagaland, Odisha, Punjab and Andaman & Nicobar
Islands. In these states and Union Territories, overall
85731 gram panchayaths will get covered by Optical
Fibre Network.



FUTURE EXTENSION
Long lasting
Flexibility


Jobs In Fiber Optics
Designing components
Manufacturing fiber, lasers, etc.
Designing systems
Installing cabling and networks
Training and teaching

Conclusion
In several ways fiber optics is a pivotal breakthrough
from the electric communication we have been
accustomed to. Instead of electrons moving back and
forth over a regular copper or metallic wire to carry
signals, light waves navigate tiny fibers of glass or
plastic to accomplish the same purpose.
With a bandwidth and information capacity a
thousand times greater than that of copper circuits,
fiber optics may soon provide us with all the
communication technology we could want in a
lifetime, at a cost efficient price.
References
http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/fiber-
optic7.htm
http://www.commspecial.com/fiberguide.ht
m
http://www.thefoa.org/
http://www.fiber-optics.info/fiber-
history.htm