Question: What objective lens

magnification would I use to achieve

a final magnification of 40X?

Answer: 4X
Final mag. = Ocular mag. (always
10X) x objective mag.


Question: What is the arrow pointing
at? Be very specific!

Answer:
Fine adjustment
knob

Question: Name 3 types of
compound light microscopes.

Answer:
1. Bright-field
2. Dark-field
3. Phase-contrast
4. Dissecting
5. Fluorescence



Question: How many microliters (l)
are in 5.5 milliliters (ml)?

Answer: 5500 l


Question: The ability of a lens to
allow identification of two adjacent
structures as discrete objects is
called what?

Answer: Resolving power


Question: Name the 3 domains
under which all living organisms are
classified.
Answer:
Archaea
Bacteria
Eukarya


Question: What would you call a
bacterium that likes salty, acidic
living conditions?

Answer: Haloacidophile


Question: What are the 3 most
common bacterial morphologies?

Answer:
Coccus
Bacillum
Spirillum



Question: True or false. If false,
why?
Prokaryotes do not have
microtubules, divide by mitosis,
have a 70S ribosome, and a single
circular chromosome.

Answer: False. Prokaryotes divide
by fission or budding.


Question: Please assign this
bacteria with a name that denotes
shape and arrangement.

Answer:
Streptococcus


Question: Simple staining utilizes a
dye that is attached to a charged
molecule, which may be attracted to
or repelled by the bacterial
membrane. What is the proper name
for the molecule?

Answer: Chromophore


Question: Fill in the blank.
Transferring bacteria from one
place to another without
contamination is called _______
technique.

Answer: Sterile or Aseptic


Question: Identify the two tools
shown below.

Answer:

Purple: Inoculating needle
Blue: Inoculating loop



Question: What is the charge of the
dye used in the picture and give two
other examples of similar dyes.

Answer: The dye is acidic or
negatively charged.
nigrosin, India ink, acid fuchsin,
congo red, eosin


Question: What is the main procedural
difference between basic and negative
staining? What purpose does this
difference in procedure serve?

Answer: Heat-fixing
1. Kills the bacteria
2. Makes bacteria adhere to the slide
3. Coagulates cytoplasmic proteins to make
them more visible upon staining.


Question: Please list the following
reagents or tasks in the order used
for gram staining.
95% Ethanol, Crystal violet, Safranin,
Iodine, Heat fix

Answer: 1. Heat fix, 2. Crystal violet,
3. Iodine, 4. 95% Ethanol, 5. Safranin


Question: What molecule in the cell
wall does an acid-fast stain detect?


Answer: Mycolic acid

Question: What is the most
important step in Gram-staining and
why?

Answer: Decolorizing
Too long Destains all cells
causing false negatives
Too short Doesnt destain Gram(-)
cells causing false positives


Question: During a Gram stain, why
does Gram(+) bacteria retain the
stain while Gram(-) does not?
Answer:
Gram(-) bacteria cell walls contain a high
amount of lipid that is extracted by the
decolorization step. The cell wall
becomes porous and is unable to retain
the stain.

Question: What type of differential
stain is shown below? Name one
component that is contained in the
halo structure.

Answer:
Capsule stain
Glycocalyx = Polysaccharide,
polyalcohol, or polyamine

Question: Whats the difference
between the terms antimicrobial
agent and antibiotics?

Answer: Antibiotics are made by
microbes and antimicrobial agents
cover both antibiotics and synthetic
chemotherapeutic agents.


Question: What is the term given for
the zones of inhibition that collide as
shown in this Kirby-Bauer test?

Answer:
Antimicrobial
synergism


Question: Penicillin contains a
functional group with a four membered
ring.
1. What is the group called?
2. What enzyme and cellular function
does it inhibit?

Answer:
1. -lactam ring
2. Transpeptidase and cell wall cross-linking
formation

Question: Name three mechanisms
of bacterial resistance to antibiotics.

Answer:
Enzymatic alteration
Decreased permeability
Efflux
Alteration of target site
Protection target site
Overproduction of target
Bypass of inhibited process
Bind up of antibiotic


Question: Name two factors that
have an effect on the zone of
inhibition for the Kirby-Bauer test.

Answer:
-Concentration of the test organism
-Rate of growth of the test organism
-Concentration of antibiotic in the disk
-Diffusion of the antibiotic in the agar
-Susceptibility of the organism to the antibiotic



Question: What enzyme performs
the reaction below?

mRNA cDNA
Answer: Reverse transcriptase

Question: If I performed the following
experiment and expected a decrease in
gene transcription for gene
X in my experimental cells,
what color dot would you
expect the microarray to
show for gene X?
Answer: Green

Question: Put the following tasks in the
order they are performed for a microarray:
1. Print sequence on microarray
2. Visualize results
3. Isolate mRNA from cells
4. Create and label cDNA
5. Analyze data
6. Hybridization
Answer: 1,3,4,6,2,5

Question: If the mRNA sequence for
my gene is 5-UGGCA-3 then what
would be my 5 to 3 cDNA
sequence?

Answer: 5-TGCCA-3

Question: Fill in the blank.
Differences in gene expression
determine a cells __________.

Answer: Phenotype