PREPARED BY : AZWIN BT AHMAD

OBJECTIVE
Define size reduction process
State the important of size reduction process
Explain the forces involved in size reduction process, (compressive,
impact & shear)
Calculate the ratio for the size reduction operation
Estimate energy requirement for size reduction by using Rittingers,
Kicks & Bond law
Differentiate and explain the disintegration method of fibrous
materials
Identify and elaborate suitable equipment for different types of
food
Understanding screening process and identify and elaborate
screening process
Pre-Test 2
State whether these statement are true(T) or false(F)
QUESTION ANSWER
1.Communition have the same meaning with size reduction
2.Shear force is used for fine grinding.
3.Energy use in size reduction process in unit horsepower,HP.
4. The force use in hammer mill is compressive force
5. The force use in crushing rolls is impact force
6. Reduction ratio , NP is the feed size over the final product size
7. Kicks law is used for fine grinding
8. A screen is a surface containing a number of equally size aperture
9. Screening is the unit operation in which a separated into two or
more fraction by passing over a tube
10. Small capacity plane screens are call fraction
DEFINITION OF SIZE REDUCTION
The size reduction or comminution is a
unit operation in which the average size of
solid pieces of food is reduced by
application of grading, compression or
impact forces
THE IMPORTANT OF SIZE REDUCTION
Size reduction may aid the extraction of a
desired constituent from a composition
structure
A decrease in particle size of a
material leads to an increase in
surface of solid. This increase in
surface is of assistance in many
rate processes
Intimate mixing or blending is usually
easier with smaller size range of
particles, an important consideration
in the production of formulated
Reduction to a definite size
range may be a specific
product requirement
FORCES INVOLVED IN SIZE REDUCTION
used for the coarse crushing of hard materials
Machine : Crushing rolls
COMPRESSIVE
can be regarded as general purpose forces and are used for
coarse, medium and fine grinding of a variety of food
materials
Machine : Hammer mill
IMPACT
for fine grinding
Machine : Disc attrition mill
SHEAR
DISINTEGRATION METHODS OF
FIBROUS MATERIALS
CUTTING/
SLICING
CUBING
SHREDING
PULPING
CUTTING / SLICING
Sliced fruits are much in demand as a desert dish.
They present an attractive appearance, the portions
produced being of convenient size for eating.
Rotary cutting knives are usually employed, the
knives being set to cut the material being presented
to them often on a vibrating belt into parallel slices or
of the desired thickness.
In other fruit slicing operations the fruit is forced
through a tube containing stationary knife edges
arranged radially along the length of the tube.
This type of assembly can produce decored, wedge
shaped sections from firmer fruits such as pineapple.

SLICING EQUIPMENT
CUBING
Cubing is the cutting of materials into cubes that
usually follows a preliminary slicing operation which
produces slices of the desired thickness.
These slices are then fed onto a conveyer belt
containing a series of studs which hold the slices in
position as the belt carries them against the rotary
knife assembly which cuts them into strips.
The strips then pass through a further cutting zone at
right to the stripping section. This produces the
required cube. Dicing Is a method of food preparation
in which the food item is cut into small blocks or dice.

CUBING EQUIPMENT
SHREDDING
Shredding is torn into small fragments, the
average size of the pieces depending on the
type of machine and on residence time in the
action zone.

Shredding often precedes dehydration, the
increase in surface aiding the rate process.
Hammer mills are commonly used as
shredders
PULPING
Pulping is widely used in the processing of lower grade fruits
separated during grading.

The fruit, which is edible but unacceptable for whole fruit
processing, may be used in jam manufacture.

A combination of pulping and sieving is used with many fruits and
vegetables.

A common equipment used for pulping consists of a cylindrical
perforated screen containing high speed rotating brushes.

Material is fed to the inside of the cylinder, the brushes forcing
pulped material through the perforations.

EQUIPMENT FOR SIZE REDUCTION
Hammer
mill
Crushing
rolls
Ball
miller
HAMMER MILL

A hammer mill is essentially a steel
drum containing a vertical or
horizontal rotating shaft or drum
on which hammers are mounted.
The hammers are free to swing on
the ends of the cross, or fixed to
the central rotor. The rotor is spin
at a high speed inside the drum
while material is fed into a feed
hopper.
The material is impacted by the
hammer bars and is thereby
shredded and expelled through
screens in the drum of a selected
size.
Hammer mill apple shredder for
juicing.

CRUSHING ROLLS
Two or more heavy steel
cylinders revolve towards
each other.
Particles of feed are nipped
and pulled through the
rolls, experiencing a
compressive force with
crushes them.
In some machines a
differential speed is
maintained between rolls
and shearing force also
arise.
BALL MILLER
A ball mill, a type of grinder, is a cylindrical
device used in grinding (or mixing) materials
like ores, chemicals, ceramic raw materials
and paints.
Ball mills rotate around a horizontal axis,
partially filled with the material to be ground
plus the grinding medium.
Different materials are used as media,
including ceramic balls, flint pebbles and
stainless steel balls. An internal cascading
effect reduces the material to a fine powder.
Industrial ball mills can operate continuously,
fed at one end and discharged at the other
end. Large to medium-sized ball mills are
mechanically rotated on their axis, but small
ones normally consist of a cylindrical capped
container that sits on two drive shafts .
The grinding works on the principle of critical
speed. The critical speed can be understood
as that speed after which the steel balls
(which are responsible for the grinding of
particles) start rotating along the direction of
the cylindrical device; thus causing no further
grinding.

To be continue