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DEVELOPMENT OF SOFT
TISSUE OF FACE
INDIAN DENTAL ACADEMY
Leader in continuing dental education
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Embryogenesis is
divided into three
phases
Pre implantation period
(first 7 days)
Embryonic period (next 7
weeks)
Fetal period (3 9 months)
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Neural crest cells
Neural plate
Notochord
Primitive streak
Ectodermal cells
Germ layers
Morula
zygote
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Embryology first week
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Second week
Bilaminar embryonic disc
Epiblast / ectoderm
2
nd
germ layer
Embryo resembles disc
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Second week
Heusers membrane
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Second week
FORMATION OF PROCHORDAL PLATE
Bilaminar disc
Hypoblast cells- columnar
Indicates the future site of mouth
Cranial region of embryo
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3
rd
week
Rapid development
Primitive streak formation
3
rd
germ layer formation
Notochord
Trilaminar embryo
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3
rd
week
Prochordal plate
Head region
Hypoblast
Primitive streak
Tail region
Epiblast
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Formation of notochord
Primitive streak
Primitive knot
Canalization of cord cells
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Primitive streak and node
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Migration of cells b/w
hypoblast and epiblast
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3
rd
week Notochord
Notochord is the structure around
which the vertebral column forms
Developing notochord induces the
overlying ectoderm to form neural
plate
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Neurulation
End of 3 week
Formation of neural tube and
neural plate
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Formation of neural tube
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Neurulation
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Neurulation
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Neural crest cells
Ectomesenchymal in nature
Major source of connective tissue
components, including cartilage,
bone and ligaments of facial and
oral region
Contribute to muscles and arteries
of this region
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Ectomesenchymal tissue termed
neural crest cells appears in
the intermediate zone between
the surface ectoderm and the
neural tube during
neurulation.
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Migraton is so excessive & their role is so imp
Considered as fourth primary germ layer www.indiandentalacademy.com
Source and pattern of
migration to the developing
face and branchial arch system
As they migrate from rhombomeres ,carry with them homeobox gene
From the site.
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Characteristics of neural
crest cells.
Pluripotent cells
Migration
Cyto-differentiation
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Neural crest cells
Derivatives
Connective tissue Muscles Nervous tissues
Sensory ganglia
ANS
Pigment cells Endocrine tissues
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Derivatives of neural
crest cells.
Connective tissue-
- Ectomesenchyme of facial
prominences and
branchial arches
- Bones and cartilages of facial
visceral skeleton
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annotated_embryo.mov
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-Dermis of face and neck
-Stroma of salivary ,thymus
thyroid,parathyroid and
pituitary gland
-Corneal mesenchyme
-Aortic arch arteries
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-Dental papilla
-Portions of periodontal ligament
,Cementum
Muscle tissue-
-Ciliary muscles
-Covering connective tissue of
branchial arch muscles
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Nervous tissue-
-Leptomeninges.
-Schwann sheath cells
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Endocrine tissues
Adrenomedullary cells
carotid body
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Pigment cells
Melanocytes in all tissues
Melanophores of iris
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Neural crest cells
Derivatives
Connective tissue Muscles Nervous tissues
Sensory ganglia
ANS
Pigment cells Endocrine tissues
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Sensory ganglia-
-Autonomic ganglia.
-Spinal dorsal root ganglia.
-Sensory ganglia.
ANS-
-Sympathetic ganglia.
-Parasympathetic ganglia.
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Factors affecting
migration
Extra cellular molecules: like
fibronectin
Vitamin A,isotretinoin
13 cis-retinoic acid
Mutant genes
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Factors effecting the
normal growth of neural
crest derivatives
Number of cells leaving the
neural tube
Rate of migration
Proportion of dividing
Minimal period between
successive divisions
Number of cells that die
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Characteristics of neural
crest cells
Regulation
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Significance of neural
crest cells
In craniofacial region
Differentiate to form most of
the connective tissue of head -
ectomesenchyme
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Significance in
development of dentition
Neural crest is primary
material for odontogenesis.
Interaction between neural
crest, pharyngeal endoderm and
oral ectoderm produces the
dental lamina.
Neural crest provides material
for dentin, pulp and cementum.
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Altered Neural Crest
Development
Mandibulofacial Dysostosis
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Hemifacial Microsomia
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Fetal alcohol syndrome
Due to deficiences of midline
tissues of the neural plate
,caused by very high level of
ethanol.
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Branchial arches or
pharyngeal arches
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Each pair of branchial arches
contain a basic set of
structure
Cartilage component
Muscular component
Vascular component
Nervous component
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Branchial arches
Develops due to neural crest
migration in the 4
th
week
Mesenchyme of each branchial arch
gives rise to muscles, cartilages
and bone
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First branchial arch
(mandibular arch)
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1
st
branchial arch
MANDIBULAR ARCH
Muscles
Skeletal structures
Ligaments
Cartilage
Nerve
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COMPONENTS OF 1st ARCH
Cartilage : MECKELS CARTILAGE
--Arises 41st 45th Day I.U
--It provides a template for
subsequent development of the
mandible.
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Structures formed by
cartilaginous component
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Nerve supply
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2
nd
branchial arch
HYOID ARCH
Muscles
Skeletal structures
Ligaments
Cartilage
Nerve
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Second branchial arch
(Hyoid Arch)
Components:
Cartilage : Reicherts Cartilage
(45th 48th I.U)
-- Stapes
-- Styloid process of the
temporal bone.
_ _Stylohyoid ligament.
-- Lessor horn of sphenoid.
-- Cranial part - Body of
Hyoid.
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Muscles :
-- Stapedius
-- Stylohyoid
-- Post. Belly of
Digastric
-- auricular
-- muscles of
facial expression
.
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Nerve :
-- Facial / VII Cranial
nerve.
-- Chorda tympani nerve
(Ant 2/3rd of Tongue)
Artery :
-- Stapedial artery
-- Transient i.e. disappears
during fetal life
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Nerve supply
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3
rd
branchial arch
3
rd
Arch
9
th
CN Stylopharyngeous
Greater cornu of hyoid
Lower part of body of hyoid
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4
th
& 6
th
branchial arch
4
TH
& 6
TH
Arch
Sup. Laryngeal N
Rec. Laryngeal N
Thyroid
Cricoid
Arytenoid
Corniculate
Cunieform
cricothyroid
constrictors of pharynx
Laryngeal muscles
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Ectodermal clefts
Epi. Lining of ext. acoustic meatus
Auricle
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Ectodermal clefts
Branchial cyst Branchial sinus
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Endodermal pouches
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Branchial arch malformations
Branchial cyst
Branchial sinus
Branchial fistula
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Thanx
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Development of Tongue
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Tongue
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Tongue
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Tongue
Papillae and taste buds
End of 8
th
week vallate & foliate( 9
th
CN)????
Relation to terminal branches OF 9
th
CN
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Tongue
Fungiform papillae develop near termination of chorda
tympani
Filiform
Appear in early fetal life
No taste buds
Sensitive to touch
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Tongue
Nerve supply
Lingual N
Chorda tympani
Glossopharyngeal N
Vagus N
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Tongue
Important points
2
nd
branchial arch does not contribute to tongue formation
Chorda tympani supplies fungiform papillae????
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Tongue
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Tongue
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Tongue
Lymphatic drainage
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Tongue
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Clinical
correlation
Tongue tie
Macroglossia
Microglossia
Bifid tongue
Fissured tongue
Rhomboid tongue
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Malformations of tongue
Ankyloglossia
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Malformations of tongue
Fissured tongue
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Malformations of tongue
Bifid tongue
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Malformations of tongue
Median rhomboid glossitis
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Malformations of tongue
Macroglossia
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Malformations of tongue
Hypertrophy of papillae
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Development of the
face
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Face is derived from the
following structures that lie
around the stomatodaeum:
Frontonasal process
First pharyngeal arch
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Facial prominences
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Upper lip
maxillary process with medial &
lateral nasal process
Frontonasal process becomes narrow
Lower lip and jaw
Mand. Prominences
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Nose
medial & lateral nasal
process (rt & lt)
Eye
lens placode
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Dev. Of the face starts at
the end of 4 week
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Facial Malformations
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Facial Malformations
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Facial Malformations
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Facial Malformations
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References
The Developing Human - Keith L Moore
Craniofacial Embryology -
G.H.Sperber
Human Embryology - I.B.Singh
Color Atlas of Oral Path - Robinson,
Miller
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