UNIT -3

OPERATING SYSTEM
FUNDAMENTALS
A. S. Sardar
PERSONAL COMPUTER OPERATING SYSTEMS
Microsoft Windows
Microsoft Windows Versions
UNIX
Linux
Apple Macintosh Operating Systems

MICROSOFT WINDOWS
Microsoft Windows is a series of graphical interface operating
systems developed, marketed, and sold by Microsoft.
Microsoft introduced an operating
environment named Windows on November 20, 1985 as a
graphical operating system shell for MS-DOS in response to
the growing interest in graphical user iterfaces.
Microsoft Windows came to dominate the world's personal
computer market with over 90% market share, overtaking Mac
OS, which had been introduced in 1984.
was founded by Bill Gates and Paul Allen in Albuquerque.
PRODUCTS OF MICROSOFT
Operating Systems.
Office Suites.
Xbox for Games.
Internet Explorer.
Search Engine.
Mails.
Security.
Servers.
Cloud Storage Device.
Visual Studio.
Calling Device.
Etc.

WINDOWS TIMELINE
UNIX
Unix is a multitasking, multi- user computer
operating system that exists in many variants.
Unix was designed to be portable, multi-tasking
and multi-user in a time-sharing configuration.
Unix systems are characterized by various concepts: the use
of plain text for storing data; a hierarchical file system; treating
devices and certain types of inter-process
communication (IPC) as files; and the use of a large number
of software tools, small programs that can be strung together
through a command line interpreter using pipes, as opposed
to using a single monolithic program that includes all of the
same functionality.
LINUX
Linux is a generic term referring to Unix-like graphical user
interface (GUI) based computer operating systems.
It is Multi-user, Multitasking, Multiprocessor
Has the X Windows GUI
Coexists with other Operating Systems
Runs on multiple platforms
Includes the Source Code

WHY IS IT SIGNIFICANT?
Powerful
Runs on multiple hardware platforms
Users like its speed and stability
No requirement for latest hardware
Its free
Licensed under GPL
Vendors are distributors who package Linux



An operating system, or OS, is a software program that
enables the computer hardware to communicate and operate
with the computer software. Without a computer operating
system, a computer would be useless.
E.g.. Linux
Operating System
Multi-user
A multi-user operating system allows for multiple users to use the same
computer at the same time and/or different times.

Multiprocessing
An operating system capable of supporting and utilizing more than one
computer processor.

Multitasking
An operating system that is capable of allowing multiple software
processes to run at the same time.

Multithreading
Operating systems that allow different parts of a software program
to run concurrently. Operating systems that would fall into this
category are:
APPLE MACINTOSH OPERATING SYSTEMS
The Macintosh or Mac is a series of personal computers
designed, developed, and marketed by Apple Inc.

The first Mac was introduced by Apple's then-chairman
Steve Jobs on January 24, 1984; it was the first
commercially successful personal computer to feature a
mouse and a Graphical User Interface rather than a
command-line Interface.

In 1998, Apple consolidated its multiple consumer-level
desktop models into the iMac all-in-one. This was
proven to be a sales success and saw the Macintosh
brand revitalized.
APPLE MACINTOSH OPERATING SYSTEMS
Mac much to do with home, education, and creative
professional markets.

It follows the vertical integration model in that Apple facilitates
all aspects of its hardware and creates its own OS that is pre-
installed on all Mac computers . Apple does not license Mac OS
X for use on non-Apple computers.

The Macintosh project started in the late 1970s with Jef Raskin,
an Apple employee who envisioned an easy-to-use, low-cost
computer for the average consumer.

WINDOWS OS FILE SYSTEMS
MS-DOS and Windows 95/98/NT/2000/XP allow use of FAT-16 or FAT-32.
Windows NT/2000/XP uses NTFS (NT File System)
Each directory entry is 32 bytes:
File Name (8 bytes)
Extension (3 bytes)
Attributes (1 byte)
Reserved (10 bytes)
Time (2 bytes)
Date (2 bytes)
Block number of rst le block (2 bytes)
File size in bytes (4 bytes)
Attributes (one-bit each):
R: Read Only
A: Archive (set when le modied, cleared when backed up)
S: System File (le cannot be deleted by the del command)
H: Hidden File (le is not listed with dir command)
D: Directory
V: Volume Label
Note: FAT and directory entry both keep track of how many blocks in a lecould be
inconsistency.
FAT (versus Unix) keeps all information about a le in the directory entry rather than an
Inode.
WINDOWS OS FILE SYSTEMS
NT/2000/XP File System (NTFS)
Uses clusters (basically same as a block) as the unit of disk
allocation. A cluster consists of one or more physical sectors
on the disk.
They are numbered by numbers called logical cluster
numbers (LCNs).
Information about NTFS les stored as attributes: le name
(names if there are aliases), creation time, security
descriptor, unnamed data attribute (contents of the le).

WINDOWS OS FILE SYSTEMS
Master File Table (MFT)
Special le containing one entry for each le in a volume. MFT
entry can be from 1KB to 4KB.

Info contained in an MFT entry about a le:

standard info such as time stamps, le size
Fles name in Unicode (16-bit chars) and also an 8.3 DOS-style
name
Security info
Data for the le. If a small le this attribute can be stored in the
MFT entry (resident attribute vs. non-resident attribute).
PERMISSSIONS
Right-Click on the appropriate folder or file.
Selecting "Properties" or "Sharing and Security" will enter
the Windows Security Management pane.
Selecting (click once) any user name listed will display the
rights that user has in the bottom half of the pane.

PERMISSIONS
1 Full Control Allows: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
2. Modify Allows: 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
3. Read & Execute Allows: 3, 4
4. List Folder Contents Allows: 4 (but cannot run programs)
5. Read Allows: 5 (Implies: 4)

6. Write Allows: 6 (Implies:4 )

7. Special Permissions Allows: Combinations
PERMISSIONS
Best Practices
Commonly used security practices suggest that all FILES should
have the following permissions.
Owner : Read & Write
Group : Read Only
Others : Read Only

All DIRECTORIES/FOLDERS should have the following
permissions.
Owner : Read, Write & Execute
Group : Read & Execute
Others : Read & Execute

WHAT ARE ADMINISTRATIVE TOOLS?
Administrative Tools is a folder in Control Panel that contains tools
for system administrators and advanced users. The tools in the
folder might vary depending on which version of Windows you are
using.
Open Administrative Tools by clicking the Start button , and then
clicking Control Panel. In the search box, typeadministrative
tools, and then click Administrative Tools.

CONTROL PANEL
Component Services. Configure and administer Component
Object Model (COM) components. Component Services is designed
for use by developers and administrators.
Computer Management. Manage local or remote computers by
using a single, consolidated desktop tool. Using Computer
Management, you can perform many tasks, such as monitoring
system events, configuring hard disks, and managing system
performance.
Data Sources (ODBC). Use Open Database Connectivity (ODBC)
to move data from one type of database (a data source) to another.
For more information, see What is ODBC?
Event Viewer. View information about significant events, such as a
program starting or stopping, or a security error, which are recorded
in event logs.

CONTROL PANEL
iSCSI Initiator. Configure advanced connections between storage devices on a network. For
more information, see What is Internet Small Computer System Interface (iSCSI)?
Local Security Policy. View and edit Group Policy security settings.
Performance Monitor. View advanced system information about the central processing unit
(CPU), memory, hard disk, and network performance.
Print Management. Manage printers and print servers on a network and perform other
administrative tasks.
Services. Manage the different services that run in the background on your computer.
System Configuration. Identify problems that might be preventing Windows from running
correctly. For more information, see Using System Configuration.
Task Scheduler. Schedule programs or other tasks to run automatically. For more
information, see Schedule a task.
Windows Firewall with Advanced Security. Configure advanced firewall settings on both
this computer and remote computers on your network.
Windows Memory Diagnostic. Check your computer's memory to see if it's functioning
properly.