Aim: Extrema of a Function Course: Calculus

Do Now:
Aim: How do we find the maximum and
minimum values over an interval of a
function using derivatives?
A rectangle has a length x and perimeter of 36.
a. Express the area A as a function of x and
determine the domain of the function.
b. Graph the area function
c. Find the length and width of the rectangle of
maximum area







x

36 2x
2
P = 2l + 2w
A = lw
a.

A(x) = x
36 2x
2
|
\

|
.
| 0 < x < 18
Aim: Extrema of a Function Course: Calculus
Do Now
b. Graph the area
function
c. Find the length
and width of the
rectangle of
maximum area
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
-40 -20 20
f x ( ) =
x 36-2 x ( )
2
A(x)
(9, 81)
Max. - (x, A(x))
Max. - (9, 81)
A = lw
81 = 9w
9 = w
where on graph?
Aim: Extrema of a Function Course: Calculus
Maximums and Minimums
Finding maximum and minimum values for
various functions and relationships is very
important and has many real-life
applications associated with the finding of
these critical values.
Definition of Extrema
Let f be defined on an interval I containing c.
1. f(c) is the minimum of f on I if f(c) < f(x) for all x
in I .
2. f(c) is the maximum of f on I if f(c) > f(x) for all x
in I .
3. The minimum and maximum of a function on an
interval are the extreme values, or extrema of the
function on the interval.
Note: A function does not
necessarily have a maximum or
minimum.
Aim: Extrema of a Function Course: Calculus
Maximums and Minimums
The y value at a critical point can be called a
local/relative maximum or a local/relative
minimum.
Local/relative indicates that f(c) is when x is
in the neighborhood of c.
Global/absolute maximum and
global/absolute minimum are the largest and
smallest of the local maximua and minima.
A critical point is a point in crisis it stops
and can then go in a different direction.
A plateau point is a critical point with a zero
derivative but no max or min.
Aim: Extrema of a Function Course: Calculus
Where Extrema Occur
Max
Min
a b
endpoints
Max
Min
stationery points
Max
Min
singular points
f levels off; tangent
line is horizontal
f fails to exist
Aim: Extrema of a Function Course: Calculus
Extrema of a Function
6
4
2
f x
( )
= x
2
+1
6
4
2
f x
( )
= x
2
+1
f is continuous,
[-1, 2]
f is continuous,
(-1, 2)
g is not
continuous,
[-1, 2]
6
4
2
2
1, 0
( )
2, 0
x x
g x
x

+ =
=

=

minimum
(0,1)
no
maximum
[ ]
minimum
(0,1)
( )
maximum maximum
(2,5)
[ ]
no
minimum
If f is continuous on a closed interval [a, b], then
f has both a min. and a max. on the interval.
Extreme Value Theorem
Aim: Extrema of a Function Course: Calculus
2
-2
-4
f(x) = x
3
2x
2

relative maximum
hill
2
-2
-4
5
2
3
9( 3)
( )
x
f x
x

=
6
4
2
( ) f x x =
Relative Extrema
(3, 2)
(0, 0)
relative minimum
valley
Aim: Extrema of a Function Course: Calculus
Value of Derivative at Relative Extrema
Find the derivative:

2
3
9( 3)
( )
x
f x
x

=
3 2 2
3 2
(18 ) (9)( 3)(3 )
'( )
( )
x x x x
f x
x

=
2
4
9(9 )
'( )
x
f x
x

=
Evaluate the derivative
for the relative maximum
point (3, 2).
2
4
9(9 (3) )
'(3) 0
3
f

= =
2
-2
-4
5
2
3
9( 3)
( )
x
f x
x

=
(3, 2)
Aim: Extrema of a Function Course: Calculus
Value of Derivative at Relative Extrema
Derivative at relative minimum?
6
4
2
( ) f x x =
(0, 0)
At x = 0, the derivative of f(x) = |x| does
not exist.
At the relative extrema, the derivative
is either zero or undefined
Aim: Extrema of a Function Course: Calculus
Criticial Number
Let f be defined at c. If f(c) = 0 or
if f is undefined at c,
then c is a critical number of f.
4
2
-2
-5
6
4
2
5
c
c
f(c) is undefined f(c) = 0
If f has a relative minimum or relative
maximum at x = c, then c is a critical
number of f.
Aim: Extrema of a Function Course: Calculus
Guidelines
Guidelines for Finding Extrema on a Closed
Interval
To find the extrema of a continuous function f
on a closed interval [a, b], use the following
steps.
1. Find the critical numbers of f on (a, b).
2. Evaluate f at each critical number in (a, b).
3. Evaluate f at each endpoint of [a, b].
4. The least of these values is the minimum.
The greatest is the maximum.
Aim: Extrema of a Function Course: Calculus
Finding Extrema on a Closed Interval
Find the extrema of
on the interval [-1, 2].
4 3
( ) 3 4 f x x x =
Find the derivative:
3 2
'( ) 12 12 f x x x =
Find the values of x
for which f(x) = 0
3 2
'( ) 12 12 0 f x x x = =
2
12 ( 1) 0
0,1
x x
x
=
=
Left
Endpt.
Critical
Number
Critical
Number
Right
Endpt.
f(-1) = 7 f(0) = 0 f(1) = -1 f(2) = 16
15
10
5
-1 1 2
*
*
MIN MAX
plateau
Aim: Extrema of a Function Course: Calculus
Model Problem
Find the extrema of
on the interval [-1, 3].
2 3
( ) 2 3 f x x x =
Find f
1 3
1 3 1 3
2 1
'( ) 2 2
x
f x
x x
| |

= =
|
\ .
Find the values of x
for which f(x) = 0
Left
Endpt.
Critical
Number
Critical
Number
Right
Endpt.
f(-1) = -5 f(0) = 0 f(1) = -1 f(2) ~
-.24
MIN MAX
4
2
-2
-4
1 3
1 3
1
'( ) 2 0
'(0) is undef. & '(1) 0
x
f x
x
f f
| |

= =
|
\ .
=
Aim: Extrema of a Function Course: Calculus
Model Problem
Find the extrema of
on the interval [0, 2].
( ) 2sin cos2 f x x x =
Find f
'( ) 2cos 2sin2 f x x x = +
Find the values of x
for which f(x) = 0
'( ) 2cos 4cos sin 0
2 cos 1 2sin 0
f x x x x
x x
= + =
+ =
sin 2x = 2 cosx sinx
3
cos 0 when ,
2 2
x x
t t
= =
7 11
1 2sin 0 when ,
6 6
x x
t t
+ = =
4
2
-2
5
Aim: Extrema of a Function Course: Calculus
Model Problem
Find the extrema of
on the interval [0, 2].
( ) 2sin cos2 f x x x =
3
cos 0 when ,
2 2
x x
t t
= =
7 11
1 2sin 0 when ,
6 6
x x
t t
+ = =
Left
Endpt.
Critical
Number
Critical
Number
Critical
Number
Critical
Number
Right
Endpt
f(0) = -1
f(/2) =
3
f(7/6)
= -3/2
f(3/2)
= -1
f(11/6)
= -3/2
f(2) =
-1
MIN MAX
4
2
-2
5