Wireless Is Hot

Billions of wireless devices are in use

4 wireless technologies in 10 communication
technologies with most market potential:
Wi-Fi
UWB
Software Radio
Wireless Mesh
Other six are: Nanotech, PON, Soft Switching,
MPLS, FSO, Optical Switching
Introductions to Wireless
Communications
Communication is an essential need of human
being, e.g., conversation, letter
Wireless used to be the only (limited and
unreliable) way to communicate in ancient
times:
Modern wireless communications are based
on the electromagnetic field theory (Maxwells
equations, Marconis invention)
Introductions to Wireless
Communications (Contd)
Wireless is often prior to its wired counterpart
and has become an important supplement:
Marconis Wireless Telegraph Wired
Telegraph & Telephone Cordless, Cellular
Telephone, and Wireless Local Loop
Broadcast TV Cable TV Satellite TV
Aloha Network Ethernet Wireless LAN
Characteristics of Wireless Comm.
Convenience and reduced cost
Service can be deployed faster than fixed service
No cost of cable plant
Service is mobile, deployed almost anywhere
Unreliable channel (attenuation, fading,
shadowing, interference)
Complicated design and management
Device limitations (power supply, LCD)
Limited bandwidth and expensive service
EM Spectrum for Telecom
Most spectra licensed; 3G license is very
expensive; FCC is a mighty sector
Infrared, ISM band, and amateur radio band
are license-free
HW2: Find out what spectrum is used for
GSM, IS-95, 802.11b WLAN. What data rates
are available in each system? What
transmission characteristics makes these
spectrum bands suitable for wireless
communications?
Evolution of Wireless Systems
Guglielmo Marconi invented the wireless
telegraph in 1896
Communication by encoding alphanumeric
characters in analog signal
Sent telegraphic signals across the Atlantic Ocean
First public mobile (car-based) telephone
system (MTS) introduced in 1946
Analog frequency modulation
High power BS tower to cover 50 miles radius
Inefficient (120K spectrum for a voice connection)
Evolution of Wireless Sys. (Contd)
Improved mobile telephone system (IMTS)
developed in 1960
Full duplex services and direct-dialing
23 FM channels with BW reduced to 25-30 KHz
Cellular concept
Exploits the attenuation of radio signal with
distance to achieve frequency reuse.
originally proposed by D. H. Ring in 1947
Bell Labs began work on cellular telephone system
in the late 1960s.
Evolution of Wireless Sys. (1G)
Handoff was not solved until the development
of microprocessor, efficient remote-controlled
RF synthesizer, and switching center.
1G Cellular System
Designed in 1970s, deployed in early 1980s
Analog, 42 control channels, 790 voice channels
Handoff performed at BS based on received power
AMPS in US; TACS in part of Europe; NTT in Japan;
C450 in West German, and NMT in some countries.
Became highly popular; AMPS still popular in US!
Evolution of Wireless Sys. (2G)
2G Systems
Digital cellular telephony
Modest data support, incompatible
GSM: a common TDMA technology for Europe;
claim about 3/4 of subscribers worldwide.
IS-54 and IS-136: TDMA technology in US;
compatible with AMPS;
IS-95: CDMA; standardized in 1993; South Korea
and Hong Kong deployed it in 1995; US in 1996.
Evolution of Wireless Sys. (2.5G)
2G telephony is highly successful
Enhancement to 2G on data service
GSM: HSCSD and GPRS
IS-95: IS-95b
IS-136: D-AMPS+ and CDPD
The improved data rate is still too low to
support multimedia traffic
ITU initiated 3G standardization effort in 1992,
and the outcome is IMT-2000.
Evolution of Wireless Sys. (3G)
IMT-2000 comprises several 3G standards:
EDGE, data rate up to 473Kbps, backward
compatible with GSM/IS-136
cdma2000 (Qualcomm), data rate up to
2Mbps, backward compatible with IS-95
WCDMA (Europe), introduces a new 5MHz
channel structure; data rate up to 2Mbps;
TD-SCDMA (China), CDMA in TDD fashion

Evolution of Wireless Sys. (4G)
Problems of 3G systems
Immature 3G license auction increases the
financial burden
What are the killer applications of 3G?
No unified standard (political factors dominate)
4G systems
Research initiated, but still not well-defined
Data-oriented, seamless integrated with wireline
Indoor data rate up to 100 Mbps, outdoor data
rate up to 20Mbps.
Evolution of
Mobile Radio Communications
AMPS
Voice
Service
Track
CDMA
IS-95
CDMA
2000
4G
ETACS GSM
WCDMA
1st Generation
Analog
2nd Generation
Digital
3rd Generation
Wideband
Fixed
Computer
Network
WLAN
PDMA
North
America
Europe
Data
Service
Track
Voice & Data
Service
Track
4th Generation
Wideband All-IP
Notes:
IP: Internet Protocol
TCP: Transmission Control Protocol
AMPS: Advanced Mobile Phone Services
ETACS: European Total Access Communication System
PDMA: Packet Division Multiple Access (Hanwang, China)
Circuit Switching
Packet Switching
Circuit and Packet Switching
evolving to Packet Switching
TD-
SCDMA
China
Paradigm From 1G to Beyond 3G
First Generation
Analogue
Circuit switched
Basic voice
telephony
Low capacity
Limited local
and regional
coverage
Second Generation
Digital
Circuit switched
Voice plus basic
data applications
Low data speed
Enhancements
towards
packet switching
higher data rates
Trans-national
and global
roaming
Digital
Packet and circuit
switched
Advanced data
(multimedia)
applications
Fast data access
Global coverage
Global roaming
Third Generation
Beyond Third
Generation
Digital
Packet switched
All IP based (IPv6)
More advanced
multimedia
applications
User in control
Flexible platform
of complementary
access systems
High speed data
Improved QoS
Global coverage
Global roaming
Mobility and Information Speed
of Evolving Mobile Communication Systems
4G
High_speed
High_capacity
Low bit cost
3G
2G
IMT-2000
M
o
b
i
l
i
t
y
High Speed
/Nationwide
Moderate Speed
/Citywide
Walking
/Premises
Static
/Indoor
(2001)
(2007-2010?)
0.1 1
10 100
Infomation Speed(Mbit/s)
(2002)
wireless access
Millimeter_wave
LAN
Trends in Wireless Commun.
Personal Communications (Goal of mobile communications)
All IP based (IPv6) (Packet switched)
Flexible platform of complementary access systems(
Combination of different wireless access systems, Hot spot
services will be introduced by high-speed wireless access
(>100mbps))
Higher system capacity (Users/Service, 5-10 times higher than
3G)
Higher Transmission Data rate
Higher frequency efficiency
More advanced multimedia applications
Improved QoS
Realize high levels of security and authentication
Global coverage
Global roaming
All IP Based
All IP based
Internet
PSTN
ISDN
IP/ATM/MPLS Backbone
Mobile Internet
Application
Platforms
Mobile Internet
Application Servers
Media
Gateway
Mobility, Connection
& Control Servers
Mobility
Gateway
Intelligent Edge
Broadband
Gateway
IP Multi
Radio
OWLAN
Broadband Accesses
Network Domain
Service Domain
Combination of different wireless
access systems



IEEE.802.11
WLAN
WPAN WLAN WWAN
PAN
Bluetooth
PDMA
Network of 3G beyond
Services and
applications
IP based core network
IMT-2000
UMTS
WLAN
type
cellular
GSM
short range
connectivit
y
Wireline
xDSL
other
entities
DAB
DVB
return channel:
e.g. GSM
download channel
New radio
interface
Transmission Data Rate
Highest data rate(3G)
at least 144 Kb/s in a vehicular environment,
384 Kb/s in a pedestrian environment,
2048 Kb/s in an indoor office environment.
Highest data rate (4G)
2Mbps in a vehicular environment,, 20Mbps in a
pedestrian environment
Wide Area, high velocity100Mbps
Indoor, lower velocity1Gbps
Evolution of transmission data rate

2G 3G and beyond
9.6-14.4 kbps
evolved 2G
64-144 kbps 384 kbps-2 Mbps 100 Mbps? 384 kbps-20 Mbps
System Capacity and spectrum
efficiency

Capacity: 5-10 times higher than 3G
Frequency efficiency: Multi-cell: > 2bits/Hz
Single-cell: 5~10 bits/Hz

Drivers of 3G Beyond
3G evolution but difficult
to extend to higher data rate
with CDMA only technology;
to provide various services
with different QoS
to have enough frequency
resource to accommodate
more subscribers
Drawback
Low system capacity
Low spectrum efficiency
0
25
1998 1999 2000 2001
50
75
100
125
150
Pbit/day
Real Time
(e.g. Voice)
Non Real Time
(e.g. Internet access)
Mobile
Internet
User
Mobile
User
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
1995 2000 2005 2010
Subscriptions (millions)
Mobile
Fixed
Mobile Internet
Fixed Internet
Drivers of 3G Beyond
3G 2G
Revolution from subscriber
service expectations
Evolution from 2G
systems
IP
Revolution from IP
infrastructure
and Beyond
0
5
10
15
20
25
1999
(Forecast by ITU-R TG-8/1 for Asia)
2015
(Extrapolation)
Up Down Up Down Up Down
63%
23?
5.4
1
19.8
10

30%

15%

28%

8%
3.4
0.5 0.5
91 %
Multimedia

(U:128k,D:10Mbps)
(U:128k,
D:2Mbps)
(U:64k,D:384kbps)
(U/D:128kbpsn)
1G/2G services
Voice (U/D: 16k, VOX0.5)
Others (<64 kbps)
9 %
Multimedia traffic increases
40%/year.
10Mbps downstream service
emerges.
Saturation of 1G/2G services traffic.
Subscribers 1.5
Voice : Multimedia traffic
ratio
1 : 2 (in 2010)
3.9
1.5
R
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(
R
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f
:

1
9
9
9
)

Year
2010
Service Forecast for Asia Region
Multimedia Services
Internet access
Shopping/banking(e-commerce)
Video conferencing
Video on demand
Telemedicine
Distance learning

Ad Hoc Networks
Self-configuring mobile networks with no
infrastructure
Rapid deployment and reconfiguration
Robust to node failure
A necessity in the battlefields of the future?
Despite much research activity, there remain
many significant technical challenges

Challenges
Unreliable Channels (Cross Layer Design)
Scarce Spectrum and Resource Management
Stringent Power Budget
Security
Location and Routing
Interfacing with Wired Networks
Health Concern
Diversified Standards and Political Struggle
Whats Your Wireless Dream?
Whoever, Whenever, Wherever,
Whomever, Whatever personal
communication?
Shrinking the world into earth village?
Outdoor classroom on lawn under trees?
Call for help in icy storm?
Browsing web on cozy seashore?