Exceptional Students- students who have abilities or problems that they require special education or other services to reach their full potential. Labeling a student is a controversial issue Label does not tell which methods to use Labels can become self-fulfilling prophecies Label as a stigma that cannot be changed Labels are mistaken for explanations For younger student may lead to a protective response from society
Person-first Language Students with learning disabilities NOT Learning disabled students Students receiving special education NOT Special education students A person with epilepsy NOT An epileptic A child with a physical disability NOT A crippled child Children diagnosed with autism NOT Autistic children or autistics Intelligence General definition: ability/abilities to acquire and use knowledge for solving problems and adapting to the world. Early theories about intelligence The capacity to learn Total knowledge a person has acquired Ability to adapt to new situations and to the environment in general. Recent definition states that intelligence involves abstract reasoning, problem-solving and decision making
Varying Theories about Intelligence
Charles Spearman described a concept he referred to as general intelligence, or the g factor. a general factor in cognitive ability that is related in varying degrees to performance on all mental tests. Cattell and Horn Fluid Intelligence- mental efficiency, nonverbal abilities grounded in brain development Crystallized Intelligence- ability to apply culturally approved problem solving methods Carroll -identifies one general ability, a few broad abilities and at least 70 specific abilities.
Howard Gardner Multiple Intelligence - According to his theory, we are all able to know the world through language, logical-mathematical analysis, spatial representation, musical thinking, the use of the body to solve problems or to make things, an understanding of other individuals, and an understanding of ourselves. He concluded that there are several separate mental abilities, and developed his now famous Theory of Multiple Intelligences that describes at least eight separate intelligences.
Six Entry Points A better way to use Gardners Multiple Intelligence Theory is focusing on the six entry points. Narrative Logical-quantitative Aesthetic Experiential Interpersonal Existential/Foundational Nine Intelligences Intelligence End States Core Components Logical-mathematical Scientist, mathematician Sensitivity to, and capacity to discern, logical or numerical patterns; ability to handle Linguistic Poet, Journalist Sensitivity to the sounds, rhythms, and meanings of words; sensitivity to the different functions of language Musical Composer, Violinist Abilities to produce and appreciate rhythm, pitch, and timbre; appreciation of the forms of musical expressiveness Spatial Navigator, Sculptor Capacities to perceive the visual- spatial world accurately and to perform transformations on ones initial perceptions Bodily-kinesthetic Dancer, Athlete Abilities to control ones body movements and to handle objects skillfully Intelligence
End States
Core Components
Interpersonal Therapist, Salesman Capacities to discern and respond appropriately to the moods, temperaments, motivations, and desires of other people Intrapersonal Person with detailed, accurate self- knowledge Access to ones own feelings and the ability to discriminate among them and draw on them to guide behavior; knowledge of ones own strengths, weaknesses, desires, and intelligence Naturalist Botanist, Farmer, Hunter Abilities to recognize plants and animals, to make distinctions in the natural world, to understand systems and define categories (perhaps even categories of intelligence Existentialist Religious moralist, agnostic relativist, an amoral atheist Sensitivity and capacity to tackle deep questions about human existence, such as the meaning of life, why do we die, and how did we get here. Robert Sternberg - he formulated the triarchic theory of successful intelligence, a three-part description of the mental abilities that lead to more or less intelligent behavior - Sternbergs theory comprises three parts: componential, experiential, and practical. Componential he associated the componential sub theory with analytical giftedness Experiential- This stage deals mainly with how well a task is performed with regard to how familiar it is. Sternberg splits the role of experience into two parts: insight and automaticity. Insight- the ability to deal effectively with novel situations. Automaticity- the result of learning to perform a behavior or thinking process so thoroughly that the performance is automatic and does not require effort. Practical- highlights the importance of choosing an environment in which you can succeed, adapting to the environment and reshaping it if necessary. Analytic Intelligence Creative Intelligence Practical Intelligence Basic problem solving processes -analyze -judge -evaluate -compare and contrast Involves the component mental processes that lead to a more or less intelligent behavior
Coping with new experiences -create -design -Invent -originate -imagine
Common sense, survival skills -use -apply -put into practice