Chapter 20

Chapter 20
The Diversity of Protists
Chapter 20
Kingdom Protista:
Kingdom Protista:
Characteristics
Characteristics
Mostly unicellular, eukaryotic cells
Mostly unicellular, eukaryotic cells
Reproduce asexually or sexually by conjugation
Reproduce asexually or sexually by conjugation
xhibit all three modes o! nutrition
xhibit all three modes o! nutrition

Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis

"ngestion
"ngestion

#bsorption
#bsorption
$ltimately spa%ned all multicellular kingdoms
$ltimately spa%ned all multicellular kingdoms
&ery di'erse kingdom
&ery di'erse kingdom
(i!!icult !or taxonomists to agree on
(i!!icult !or taxonomists to agree on
classi!ication
classi!ication
Chapter 20
(i'erse Modes o! )utrition
(i'erse Modes o! )utrition
$se di'erse modes o! nutrition
$se di'erse modes o! nutrition

"ngest !ood
"ngest !ood

#bsorb nutrients !rom surroundings

#bsorb nutrients !rom surroundings

Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis
Protists that ingest !ood are typically
Protists that ingest !ood are typically
predators
predators
$se extensions o! cell membrane called
$se extensions o! cell membrane called
psuedopods
psuedopods
to surround and engul!
to surround and engul!
prey item
prey item
Chapter 20
Chapter 20
(i'erse Modes o! )utrition
(i'erse Modes o! )utrition
Protists that absorb nutrients directly
Protists that absorb nutrients directly
!rom the surrounding en'ironment can
!rom the surrounding en'ironment can
be
be

Free-living
Free-living
types in the soil that
types in the soil that
decompose organic dead matter
decompose organic dead matter

Parasites
Parasites
that li'e inside the bodies o!
that li'e inside the bodies o!
other organisms, sometimes harming the
other organisms, sometimes harming the
host
host
Chapter 20
(i'erse Modes o! )utrition
(i'erse Modes o! )utrition
*ome protists ha'e photosynthetic
*ome protists ha'e photosynthetic
organelles called chloroplasts
organelles called chloroplasts
Photosynthetic protists are abundant in
Photosynthetic protists are abundant in
oceans, lakes, and ponds
oceans, lakes, and ponds

+ree !loating
+ree !loating

Mutually bene!icial associations %ith

Mutually bene!icial associations %ith
other organisms: solar energy captured
other organisms: solar energy captured
by the protist is used by host, %hich
by the protist is used by host, %hich
shelters and protects the protist
shelters and protects the protist
Chapter 20
(i'erse Modes o! )utrition
(i'erse Modes o! )utrition
Photosynthetic protists are collecti'ely
Photosynthetic protists are collecti'ely
kno%n as
kno%n as
algae
algae

*ingle,celled, non,photosynthetic
*ingle,celled, non,photosynthetic
protists are collecti'ely kno%n as
protists are collecti'ely kno%n as
protozoa
protozoa

Chapter 20
(i'erse Modes o! Reproduction
(i'erse Modes o! Reproduction
Most protists reproduce asexually by
Most protists reproduce asexually by
mitotic cell di'ision
mitotic cell di'ision
*ome also reproduce sexually
*ome also reproduce sexually

-%o indi'iduals contribute genetic

-%o indi'iduals contribute genetic
material to an o!!spring that is
material to an o!!spring that is
genetically di!!erent !rom either parent
genetically di!!erent !rom either parent

.ccurs during certain time o! year or

.ccurs during certain time o! year or
circumstances /e0g0 a cro%ded
circumstances /e0g0 a cro%ded
en'ironment or a !ood shortage1
en'ironment or a !ood shortage1
Chapter 20
Protist Reproduction
Protist Reproduction
#sexual *exual
/a1
/a1
/b1
/b1
Chapter 20
!!ects on 2umans
!!ects on 2umans
Positi'e impact , ecological role o!
Positi'e impact , ecological role o!
photosynthetic marine protists /algae1
photosynthetic marine protists /algae1

capture solar energy and make it a'ailable to

capture solar energy and make it a'ailable to
the other organisms in the ecosystem
the other organisms in the ecosystem

release oxygen gas

release oxygen gas
)egati'e impact , many human and plant
)egati'e impact , many human and plant
diseases are caused by parasitic protists
diseases are caused by parasitic protists
Chapter 20
Major 3roups o! Protists
Major 3roups o! Protists
Protist classi!ication is in transition
Protist classi!ication is in transition
3enetic comparison re'eals
3enetic comparison re'eals
e'olutionary history o! organisms
e'olutionary history o! organisms
3enetic, instead o! physical !eatures
3enetic, instead o! physical !eatures
no% separate protist species into
no% separate protist species into
di!!erent lineages
di!!erent lineages
*ome physically dissimilar species are
*ome physically dissimilar species are
no% placed in a common lineage
no% placed in a common lineage
Chapter 20
Chapter 20
Chapter 20
-he xco'ates
-he xco'ates
4ack mitochondria
4ack mitochondria
-%o major groups
-%o major groups

Diplomonads:
Diplomonads:
ha'e t%o nuclei and mo'e
ha'e t%o nuclei and mo'e
about by means o! multiple !lagella
about by means o! multiple !lagella

Parabasalids:
Parabasalids:
li'e inside animals
li'e inside animals

Chapter 20
Parabasalids
Parabasalids
Mutually bene!icial relationships %ith
Mutually bene!icial relationships %ith
other species
other species

Parabasalid inhabits gut o! termite

Parabasalid inhabits gut o! termite

-ermite deli'ers !ood to parabasalid,

-ermite deli'ers !ood to parabasalid,
%hich digests and releases nutrients to
%hich digests and releases nutrients to
termite
termite
Chapter 20
Parabasalids
Parabasalids
2arms host species
2arms host species

Trichomonas vaginalis
Trichomonas vaginalis
causes the
causes the
sexually transmitted disease
sexually transmitted disease
trichomoniasis
trichomoniasis

Trichomonas
Trichomonas
inhabits urinary and
inhabits urinary and
reproducti'e tracts, using !lagella to
reproducti'e tracts, using !lagella to
mo'e through them
mo'e through them

Causes 'aginal itching and discharge in

Causes 'aginal itching and discharge in
!emales
!emales
Chapter 20
Chapter 20
-he ugleno5oans
-he ugleno5oans
2a'e distincti'e mitochondria
2a'e distincti'e mitochondria
-%o major groups
-%o major groups

Euglenids
Euglenids

Kinetoplastids
Kinetoplastids
Chapter 20
uglenids
uglenids
*ingle,celled, !resh,%ater protists
*ingle,celled, !resh,%ater protists
4ack a rigid outer co'ering
4ack a rigid outer co'ering
6est kno%n example is
6est kno%n example is
Euglena
Euglena

Mo'es by %hipping single !lagellum

Mo'es by %hipping single !lagellum

Photosynthetic
Photosynthetic
*ome euglenids photosynthetic, others
*ome euglenids photosynthetic, others
absorb7engul! !ood
absorb7engul! !ood
Chapter 20
uglenids
uglenids
Photoreceptor /eyespot1 !ound in some
Photoreceptor /eyespot1 !ound in some
euglenoids
euglenoids

Pro'ides !or a %ay to sense location o!

Pro'ides !or a %ay to sense location o!
light source
light source

$se!ul !or photosynthetic euglenoids in

$se!ul !or photosynthetic euglenoids in
maximi5ing photosynthesis
maximi5ing photosynthesis
Chapter 20
Euglena
Euglena
:
:
a Representati'e uglenoid
a Representati'e uglenoid
+lagellum
+lagellum
ye *pot
ye *pot
Contractile
Contractile
&acuole
&acuole
*tored +ood
*tored +ood
)ucleus
)ucleus
)ucleolus
)ucleolus
Chloroplasts
Chloroplasts
Chapter 20
Kinetoplastids
Kinetoplastids
#ll species ha'e one or more !lagella
#ll species ha'e one or more !lagella

Can be used !or propulsion, sensing, or

Can be used !or propulsion, sensing, or
!ood gathering
!ood gathering
Many are !ree,li'ing in soil and %ater
Many are !ree,li'ing in soil and %ater
Chapter 20
Kinetoplastids
Kinetoplastids
*ome species li'e in a symbiotic
*ome species li'e in a symbiotic
mutualistic association %ithin another
mutualistic association %ithin another
organism
organism

*ome species digest cellulose in termite

*ome species digest cellulose in termite
guts
guts

-rypanosomes li'e %ithin tsetse !lies

-rypanosomes li'e %ithin tsetse !lies
and cause #!rican sleeping sickness in
and cause #!rican sleeping sickness in
!ly,bitten mammals
!ly,bitten mammals
-rypanosomes in!ect the blood causing
-rypanosomes in!ect the blood causing
#!rican sleeping sickness
#!rican sleeping sickness
Chapter 20
-rypanosomes in 6lood
-rypanosomes in 6lood
Chapter 20
-he *tramenophiles
-he *tramenophiles
2a'e !ine, hair,like projections on
2a'e !ine, hair,like projections on
!lagella
!lagella
Mostly single,celled but some
Mostly single,celled but some
multicellular
multicellular
*ome are photosynthetic species
*ome are photosynthetic species
Major stramenophile groups
Major stramenophile groups

8ater molds
8ater molds

(iatoms
(iatoms

6ro%n algae
6ro%n algae
Chapter 20
8ater Molds
8ater Molds
#lso kno%n as
#lso kno%n as
oomycetes
oomycetes
4ong !ilaments aggregated into cottony
4ong !ilaments aggregated into cottony
tu!ts
tu!ts
Many are soil and %ater,based
Many are soil and %ater,based
decomposers
decomposers
Chapter 20
8ater Molds
8ater Molds
Pro!ound economic impacts caused by
Pro!ound economic impacts caused by
%ater molds
%ater molds

Late blight
Late blight
attacks potato plants /caused
attacks potato plants /caused
"rish potato !amine in 9:;<1
"rish potato !amine in 9:;<1

.ne species causes

.ne species causes
downy mildew
downy mildew

/nearly destroyed +rench %ine industry
/nearly destroyed +rench %ine industry
in 9:=0s1
in 9:=0s1
Chapter 20
# Parasitic 8ater Mold
# Parasitic 8ater Mold
(o%ny milde% on grapes
(o%ny milde% on grapes
Chapter 20
(iatoms
(iatoms
+ound in both !resh and salt %ater
+ound in both !resh and salt %ater
Photosynthetic
Photosynthetic
Produce shells o! silica that !it together
Produce shells o! silica that !it together
(iatomaceous earth is deposits o! diatom
(iatomaceous earth is deposits o! diatom
shells /mined and used as an abrasi'e1
shells /mined and used as an abrasi'e1
Chapter 20
Chapter 20
(iatoms
(iatoms
Part o! !loating
Part o! !loating
phytoplankton
phytoplankton
community
community
"mportant in absorbing C.
"mportant in absorbing C.
2 2
and
and
producing .
producing .
2 2

Phytoplankton per!orm =0> o! all

Phytoplankton per!orm =0> o! all
photosynthesis
photosynthesis
(iatoms are important as !ood in marine
(iatoms are important as !ood in marine
!ood %ebs
!ood %ebs

2erbi'orous organisms ?gra5e@ on these

2erbi'orous organisms ?gra5e@ on these
?pastures o! the sea@
?pastures o! the sea@
Chapter 20
6ro%n #lgae
6ro%n #lgae
+orm multicellular aggregates /sea%eeds1
+orm multicellular aggregates /sea%eeds1
*uper!icially similar but not closely related
*uper!icially similar but not closely related
to plants
to plants
Contain bro%nish,yello% and green
Contain bro%nish,yello% and green
/chlorophyll1 pigments producing
/chlorophyll1 pigments producing
bro%n7oli'e appearance
bro%n7oli'e appearance
Chapter 20
6ro%n #lgae
6ro%n #lgae
)early all marine
)early all marine

+ound along rocky shores o! temperature

+ound along rocky shores o! temperature
oceans
oceans

"ncludes giant kelp

"ncludes giant kelp

*e'eral species use gas,!illed !loats to support

*e'eral species use gas,!illed !loats to support
body
body

3iant kelp !orests pro'ide !ood and shelter !or

3iant kelp !orests pro'ide !ood and shelter !or
sea animals
sea animals
Chapter 20
(i'erse 6ro%n #lgae
(i'erse 6ro%n #lgae
Fucus
Fucus
sp0
sp0
3iant Kelp
3iant Kelp
Chapter 20
-he #l'eolates
-he #l'eolates
*ingle,celled protists %ith small ca'ities
*ingle,celled protists %ith small ca'ities
beneath cell sur!ace /al'eoli1
beneath cell sur!ace /al'eoli1
Comprise a distinct lineage
Comprise a distinct lineage
)utritional modes include photosynthetic,
)utritional modes include photosynthetic,
parasitic, and predatory
parasitic, and predatory
Chapter 20
-he #l'eolates
-he #l'eolates
Major al'eolate groups
Major al'eolate groups

(ino!lagellates
(ino!lagellates

#picomplexans
#picomplexans

Ciliates
Ciliates
Chapter 20
(ino!lagellates
(ino!lagellates
Mostly photosynthetic
Mostly photosynthetic
-%o %hip,like !lagella
-%o %hip,like !lagella
Most species li'e in salt %ater
Most species li'e in salt %ater
*ome species bioluminescent
*ome species bioluminescent
Certain speciali5ed dino!lagellates li'e
Certain speciali5ed dino!lagellates li'e
within
within
coral, clam, and other protistan
coral, clam, and other protistan
hosts
hosts
Cell %all resembles armored plates
Cell %all resembles armored plates
Chapter 20
(ino!lagellates A Red -ide
(ino!lagellates A Red -ide
Red -ide
Red -ide
Chapter 20
(ino!lagellates
(ino!lagellates
)utrient,rich %ater causes population
)utrient,rich %ater causes population
explosion called ?red tides@
explosion called ?red tides@

*ubstantial !ish kills result !rom oxygen

*ubstantial !ish kills result !rom oxygen
depletion and clogged gills
depletion and clogged gills

.ysters, mussels, and clams bene!it

.ysters, mussels, and clams bene!it
!rom large !ood supply but may
!rom large !ood supply but may
accumulate ner'e poison
accumulate ner'e poison

4ethal paralytic shell!ish poisoning in

4ethal paralytic shell!ish poisoning in
humans may result !rom eating these
humans may result !rom eating these
shell!ish
shell!ish
Chapter 20
Chapter 20
#picomplexans
#picomplexans
#lso kno%n as
#lso kno%n as
sporozoans
sporozoans
#ll members are parasitic
#ll members are parasitic
+orm in!ectious spores
+orm in!ectious spores
*pores transmitted bet%een hosts by !ood,
*pores transmitted bet%een hosts by !ood,
%ater, or insect bites
%ater, or insect bites
Chapter 20
#picomplexans
#picomplexans
Complex li!e cycle /e0g0
Complex li!e cycle /e0g0
Plasmodium-
Plasmodium-
malarial parasite1
malarial parasite1

Parasite passed to human by

Parasite passed to human by
Anopheles
Anopheles
mosBuito
mosBuito

Plasmodium
Plasmodium
de'elops in li'er, makes
de'elops in li'er, makes
spores in red blood cells /causing !e'er
spores in red blood cells /causing !e'er
upon release1
upon release1

)e% mosBuitoes acBuire parasite %hile

)e% mosBuitoes acBuire parasite %hile
!eeding on blood
!eeding on blood

Plasmodium Buickly e'ol'es resistance

Plasmodium Buickly e'ol'es resistance
to drugs
to drugs
Chapter 20
Chapter 20
Ciliates
Ciliates
"nhabits both !resh and salt %ater
"nhabits both !resh and salt %ater
2ighly complex unicellular organi5ation
2ighly complex unicellular organi5ation

*peciali5ed organelles
*peciali5ed organelles

Cilia that propel cells through %ater at 9

Cilia that propel cells through %ater at 9
mm7s
mm7s
Chapter 20
Ciliates
Ciliates
xamples o! ciliate complexity
xamples o! ciliate complexity

Paramecium
Paramecium
/contractile 'acuoles,
/contractile 'acuoles,
ner'ous system1
ner'ous system1

Didinium
Didinium
/predator o! other microbes1
/predator o! other microbes1
Paramecium
Paramecium
has 'acuoles and cilia
has 'acuoles and cilia
Chapter 20
-he Complexity o! Ciliates
-he Complexity o! Ciliates
Macronucleus
Macronucleus
Micronucleus
Micronucleus
+ood &acuole
+ood &acuole
.ral 3roo'e
.ral 3roo'e
Contractile &acuole
Contractile &acuole
Cilia
Cilia
+ood &acuole
+ood &acuole
!orming
!orming
Chapter 20
-he Cerco5oans
-he Cerco5oans
Cercozoans
Cercozoans
ha'e thin, threadlike
ha'e thin, threadlike
psuedopods, %hich extend through
psuedopods, %hich extend through
hard shells in some species
hard shells in some species
Cerco5oans include
Cerco5oans include

Foraminiera
Foraminiera

!adiolarians
!adiolarians

Chapter 20
-he Cerco5oans
-he Cerco5oans
+oramini!erans produce elaborate
+oramini!erans produce elaborate
calcium carbonate shells %ith holes
calcium carbonate shells %ith holes

(eposits o! !ossili5ed !oramini!erans

(eposits o! !ossili5ed !oramini!erans
!orm chalk
!orm chalk
Radiolarians ha'e silica shells
Radiolarians ha'e silica shells
Chapter 20
2elio5oans
2elio5oans
Chapter 20
Chapter 20
-he #moebo5oans
-he #moebo5oans
"moebozoans
"moebozoans
mo'e by extending !inger,
mo'e by extending !inger,
shaped pseudopods, also used !or
shaped pseudopods, also used !or
!eeding
!eeding
"nhabit aBuatic and terrestrial
"nhabit aBuatic and terrestrial
en'ironments
en'ironments
3enerally do not ha'e shells
3enerally do not ha'e shells
-he major groups o! amoebo5oans are
-he major groups o! amoebo5oans are

"moebas
"moebas

#lime molds
#lime molds
Chapter 20
-he #moebo5oans
-he #moebo5oans
#moebas
#moebas

+ound in !resh%ater lakes and ponds

+ound in !resh%ater lakes and ponds

Predators that stalk and engul! prey

Predators that stalk and engul! prey

.ne species causes amoebic dysentery

.ne species causes amoebic dysentery
Chapter 20
-he #moebas
-he #moebas
Chapter 20
-he *lime Molds
-he *lime Molds
(istinctly uniBue lineage among protists
(istinctly uniBue lineage among protists
Physical !orm blurs distinction bet%een
Physical !orm blurs distinction bet%een
a colony 'ersus an indi'idual
a colony 'ersus an indi'idual
Chapter 20
-he *lime Molds
-he *lime Molds
-%o,phase li!e cycle
-%o,phase li!e cycle

Mobile !eeding stage

Mobile !eeding stage

*tationary, reproducti'e stage !orming a

*tationary, reproducti'e stage !orming a
fruiting body
fruiting body
-%o main types
-%o main types

#cellular
#cellular

Cellular
Cellular
Chapter 20
#cellular *lime Molds
#cellular *lime Molds
#lso kno%n as
#lso kno%n as
plasmodial slime molds
plasmodial slime molds
Composed o! a thinly spread cytoplasm
Composed o! a thinly spread cytoplasm
%ith multiple diploid nuclei
%ith multiple diploid nuclei
Plasmodial mass !eeds on bacteria and
Plasmodial mass !eeds on bacteria and
organic matter by engul!ing them
organic matter by engul!ing them
Chapter 20
#cellular *lime Molds
#cellular *lime Molds
Can !orm bright yello% or orange
Can !orm bright yello% or orange
masses
masses
(ry conditions or star'ation stimulate
(ry conditions or star'ation stimulate
!ruiting body !ormation
!ruiting body !ormation

2aploid spores produced

2aploid spores produced

*pores disperse and germinate into a

*pores disperse and germinate into a
ne% plasmodium
ne% plasmodium
Chapter 20
-he #cellular *lime Mold
-he #cellular *lime Mold
Physarum
Physarum
/a1
/a1
/b1
/b1
Chapter 20
Cellular *lime Molds
Cellular *lime Molds
4i'e in soil as independent haploid cells
4i'e in soil as independent haploid cells
Pseudopodia surround and engul! !ood
Pseudopodia surround and engul! !ood
/like bacteria1
/like bacteria1
Chapter 20
Cellular *lime Molds
Cellular *lime Molds
+ood scarcity creates a
+ood scarcity creates a
pseudoplasmodium
pseudoplasmodium

"ndi'idual cells release chemical signal i!

"ndi'idual cells release chemical signal i!
!ood is scarce
!ood is scarce

(ense, slug,like aggregation o! cells !orms

(ense, slug,like aggregation o! cells !orms

?
?
*lug@ cra%ls to%ards light, !orms a
*lug@ cra%ls to%ards light, !orms a
!ruiting body
!ruiting body

2aploid spores produced are dispersed to

2aploid spores produced are dispersed to
!orm ne% single,celled indi'iduals
!orm ne% single,celled indi'iduals
Chapter 20
#ingle$ amoeba%
like cells emerge
rom spores$
crawl$ and eed&
'hen ood is
scarce$ cells
aggregate into slug%
like mass called
pseudoplasmodium.
Pseudoplasmodium
migrates toward
light$ orms ruiting
bodies( produces
spores&
ruiting bodies
spores
nucleus
-he 4i!e Cycle o! a
-he 4i!e Cycle o! a
Cellular *lime Mold
Cellular *lime Mold
Chapter 20
-he Red #lgae
-he Red #lgae
Multicellular, photosynthetic sea%eeds
Multicellular, photosynthetic sea%eeds
Pigments combined %ith chlorophyll
Pigments combined %ith chlorophyll
produce bright red to black
produce bright red to black
appearances
appearances
+ound exclusi'ely in marine
+ound exclusi'ely in marine
en'ironments
en'ironments
Chapter 20
-he Red #lgae
-he Red #lgae
&ery common in deep, clear tropical
&ery common in deep, clear tropical
%aters
%aters

Red pigments absorb deeply penetrating

Red pigments absorb deeply penetrating
blue,green light
blue,green light

Can there!ore li'e deeper than other

Can there!ore li'e deeper than other
sea%eeds
sea%eeds
Chapter 20
-he Red #lgae
-he Red #lgae
(i'ersity o! !orms and uses
(i'ersity o! !orms and uses

*ome species deposit calcium carbonate

*ome species deposit calcium carbonate

*ome species har'ested !or !ood

*ome species har'ested !or !ood

nergy captured by red algae important

nergy captured by red algae important
in !ood chains
in !ood chains

Products extracted !rom red algae

Products extracted !rom red algae
include:
include:
Carrageenan /stabili5ing agent1
Carrageenan /stabili5ing agent1
#gar /substrate !or bacteria in
#gar /substrate !or bacteria in
petri dishes1
petri dishes1
Chapter 20
-he Red #lgae
-he Red #lgae
Multicellular, photosynthetic sea%eeds,
Multicellular, photosynthetic sea%eeds,
ranging in color !rom bright red to
ranging in color !rom bright red to
nearly black
nearly black
4i'e in clear tropical oceans
4i'e in clear tropical oceans
*ome species deposit calcium
*ome species deposit calcium
carbonate, %hich contributes to the
carbonate, %hich contributes to the
!ormation o! ree!s
!ormation o! ree!s
Chapter 20
Red #lgae
Red #lgae
Chapter 20
-he 3reen #lgae
-he 3reen #lgae
#ll species photosynthetic
#ll species photosynthetic
6oth multicellular and unicellular species
6oth multicellular and unicellular species
+ound in both !resh%ater and marine
+ound in both !resh%ater and marine
en'ironments
en'ironments
*ome !orm long !ilamentous chains o! cells
*ome !orm long !ilamentous chains o! cells
/e0g0
/e0g0
Spirogyra
Spirogyra
1
1
Chapter 20
*pirogyra: # 3reen #lgae
*pirogyra: # 3reen #lgae
Chapter 20
-he 3reen #lgae
-he 3reen #lgae
*ome !orm colonies o! clustered cells /e0g0
*ome !orm colonies o! clustered cells /e0g0
olvo!
olvo!
1
1
Mostly microscopic !orms but
Mostly microscopic !orms but
"lva
"lva
/sea
/sea
lettuce1 is a multicellular lea!,si5ed green
lettuce1 is a multicellular lea!,si5ed green
algal sea%eed
algal sea%eed
Chapter 20
Chapter 20
-he 3reen #lgae
-he 3reen #lgae
3reen algae are closely related to plants
3reen algae are closely related to plants
-he earliest plants may ha'e been similar to
-he earliest plants may ha'e been similar to
todayCs multicellular green algae
todayCs multicellular green algae
Chapter 20
Protists and 4i!e
Protists and 4i!e
Marine phytoplankton: =0> o! all photosynthesis
Marine phytoplankton: =0> o! all photosynthesis
(iatoms , abrasi'e products and oil reser'es
(iatoms , abrasi'e products and oil reser'es
*arcodines and limestone deposits
*arcodines and limestone deposits
Protists and disease
Protists and disease

8ater molds , do%ny milde%, late blight o! potato

8ater molds , do%ny milde%, late blight o! potato

(ino!lagellates and Dred tide,D shell!ish poisoning

(ino!lagellates and Dred tide,D shell!ish poisoning

Eoo!lagellates , #!rican sleeping sickness, 3iardia

Eoo!lagellates , #!rican sleeping sickness, 3iardia

*arcodines , amoebic dysentery

*arcodines , amoebic dysentery
*poro5oans ,
*poro5oans ,
Plasmodium
Plasmodium
and malaria
and malaria
Chapter 20
3iardia: the Curse o! Campers
3iardia: the Curse o! Campers
Chapter 20
Chapter 20
The Diversity of Protists