FALLACY

JUDGE: Totoo bang hinawakan mo ang

hita ng babaing ito?

NGONGO: Hini po, hini po your honor!

JUDGE: Pilosopo! Hinawakan o hinipo,
pareho lang yun! Guilty!
FALLACY . . .
It comes from the Latin term
fallere which means to deceive.
It is an erroneous reasoning.
It is a type of argument that may seem to be
valid but which proves, upon examination,
not be so.

INFORMAL FALLACY
1. FALLACY OF LANGUAGE/AMBIGUITY
- It expresses lack of preciseness in the words, phrases
used to express thought.

2. FALLACY OF RELEVANCE
- It arises when something about an argument tempts us
simply to overlook the fact that there really is no
connection between the premises conclusion.
1. FALLACY OF LANGUAGE OR
AMBIGUITY
1.1 EQUIVOCATION
Lapu-lapu is the killer of Magellan.
Lapu-lapu is a fish.
Therefore, a fish is the killer of Magellan.

EMPLOYER TO A JOB APPLICANT: In this
job, we need someone who is responsible.
APPLICANT: Then Im the one you are
looking for. In my last job, every time
anything went wrong, they said I was
responsible.

Erap, Cory, and FVR were captured by the Abu
Sayyaf. They were brought to an island and
were informed that they were going to be
executed one by one. Cory was the first in line,
and she thought of a way to distract the rebels.
When she was already at the center and was
bout to be shot dead, she shouted,
EARTHQUAKE! The rebels panicked. Cory
took this chance to escape. The rebels, seeing
that Cory had fled, decided that FVR be
executed next. FVR did the same thing, and
shouted, TIDAL WAVE! The rebels scampered,
and FVR took the opportunity to flee. Realizing
that he was the only hostage left, Erap thought
of doing the same, and shouted, FIRE! After
three seconds, he dropped dead.



1.2 AMPHIBOLY
I would like to buy a clock for my boyfriend
with three hands.

FOR RENT: Furnished room just right for a
single lady with comfort room
and free water.



1.3 ACCENT OR PROSODY
You (Ikaw).

I resent the letter.

Free children below seven.
1.4 DIVISION
The whole wedding package costs P500,000.
Hence, the wedding cake costs P500,000.

Human cells must be conscious beings
because human beings are conscious.

1.5 COMPOSITION
Mr. Manny Pangilinan is a millionaire.
Mr. Pangilinan is a Filipino.
Therefore, all Filipinos are millionaires.

Our present Pope is a German;
Thus, all Popes are Germans.
1.6 WORD CONSTRUCTION
People from Burma are called Burmese;
People from China are called Chinese;
Therefore, people from Egypt are called
Egyptese.

Responsible
Adorable
Incredible
Loveable
Perdible
1. . . . the universe is spherical in form. . . because all
the constituent parts of the universe, that is the
sun, moon, and the planets, appear in this form.
(Nicolaus Copernicus)
2. One Indian, two Indians;
One bag, two bags;
One child, two childs.
3. The book of Dan Brown is expensive;
Thus, every page of that book is very expensive
4. No husbands please.
5. JUDGE: Did you say no?
ACCUSED: Yes.
2. FALLACY OF RELEVANCE
2.1 PETITIO PRINCIPII (BEGGING THE
QUESTION/CIRCULAR ARGUMENT)
Why are you late? Well, because I am not
early.

Ice is cold; thus, it is not hot.

Juan is insane; Juan is crazy.
2.2 ACCIDENT
One has to tell the truth always. Thus, if a
murderer confesses his crime to the priest, it
is but proper for the priest to reveal the truth
to the police authorities.
We have to be generous to others. Thus,
during examination we have to share our
answers with our seatmate to show that we
are generous.
2.3 FALSE CAUSE
Anabelle Dionisia got a perfect score in the
Logic Final Exam because she took a bath
during her menstrual period and jump five
times.

Diego scratches his nose and tummy. After
one minute, the volcano erupts. Hence, the
scratching of Diegos nose and tummy
causes the eruption.

2.4 COMPLEX QUESTION
Have you stopped beating your wife?

Did you intentionally harass her?




2.5 FALSE DILEMMA
If you love me, then youll make love with me.

If youre not with America, youre with the
terrorists.

Kuwarto o kuwatro?
2.6 SLIPPERY SLOPE
Whenever a tree falls down, it has 95% chance of
knocking over another tree. Therefore, soon, a great
many trees would fall.

2.7 NON-SEQUITUR (IRRELEVANT
CONCLUSION)
The Philippines is suffering economically
now. Thus, Batista is gay.

Life is a mix of positive and negative
experiences. Thus, the 5 + 5 = 10.
2.8 ARGUMENTUM AD IGNORANTIAM
If you cant prove me wrong, then I must
be right.


2.9 ARGUMENTUM AD HOMINEM
We cant trust this persons argument!
He is an alcoholic!

Dont believe in him! Hes gay and
odorous!
2.10 ARGUMENTUM AD POPULUM
Many people believed that the earth is
flat. Thus, the earth is flat.

Pres. GMA cheated in the 2004 elections
according to the latest survey. Since this
is what the majority of the Filipino think,
then she must have really cheated.


2.11 ARGUMENTUM AD VERECUNDIAM
These pills must be safe and effective.
They have been endorsed by Justin
Bieber, a famous American singer.

Sleeping with you hair wet can make you
blind. That is what Son Gohan said!
2.12 ARGUMENTUM AD MISERICORDIAM
A student should be given a passing
grade because he is soon to graduate, or
because if he fails the subject, his
parents would kill him.
You honor, my client, John Santos, does
not deserve to be imprisoned. He has
five small children, and a wife suffering
from breast cancer.
2. 13 ARGUMENTUM AD BACULUM
A student should be given a passing
grade because he is soon to graduate, or
because if he fails the subject, his
parents would kill him.
You honor, my client, John Santos, does
not deserve to be imprisoned. He has
five small children, and a wife suffering
from breast cancer.

1. Have you stopped taking drugs?
2. Renato was caught by the police with a bloody knife
and shirt, and was immediately put into jail. But
nobody filed a case against him. Thus, Renato is
innocent and should be released.
3. Fred is an honest man. I know this is true since Fred
told me so himself, and an honest man like Fred surely
wouldnt lie about something like that.
4. Kung hindi tayo kakampi kay GMA e malinaw Abu
Sayyaf lovers tayo.
5. The Inquisition must have been justified and beneficial,
if whole peoples invoked and defended it, if me of the
loftiest souls founded and created it severally and
impartially, and its very adversaries applied it on their
account, pyre answering to pyre.

6. You know, Professor Barako Bayagbag, I really
need to get a 95% in this Logic class. Id like to
stop by during your office hours later to discuss
my grade. Ill be in your building anyways, visiting
my father. Hes your dean, by the way. Ill see you
later.
7. Francis Bacons philosophy should be dismissed
since Bacon was removed from his chancellorship
for dishonesty.
8. My spouse must be cheating on me; he told me I
dont really love you now.
9. Atoms are colorless. Cats are made of atoms, so
cats are colorless.
10. I bought the latest bike from Motorstar. After all,
it is the brand of motorcycle Pacman is
promoting.





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