SOLID STATE PHYSICS

Introduction
Closer collection of atom solid
Crystalline & non- crystalline
Bonds old te atoms to!eter in solids
Ty"es of #onds
Ionic #ondin!
Co$alent #ondin!
%etallic #ondin!
Hydro!en #ondin!
&an der 'aals #ondin!
Ionic bonding
Attracti$e force e(istin! #et'een a "ositi$e ion and ne!ati$e ion 'en tey are
#ro)!t to close "ro(imity
E(am"les*
+aCl, -Cl, -Br, %!O, etc
Properties
Crystalline in nat)re
Hard and #rittle
Hi! meltin! and #oilin! "oints
.ood ins)lators /stron! #ond0
sol)#le in "olar sol$ents1
Covalent bonding
Bondin! is #y &alence electron sarin!
properties:

Directional

E(i#it &aryin! "ysical "ro"erties

#eca)se of different #ond stren!t

E!* diamond , tin

Crystalline, ard and #rittle1

Com"ariti$ely lo' meltin! and #oilin!

"oints

.ood ins)lators at lo' tem"erat)res

2en do"ed 'it certain im")rities

semi cond)ctors
Metallic bonding

Array of "ositi$e metal ions em#edded

in a clo)d of free electrons
Properties:

3elati$ely 'ea4

%allea#le and d)ctile

+on directional

Ha$e i! n)m#er of free electrons

Possess i! electrical and termal

cond)cti$ity

O"a5)e to li!t
E(am"les*

Sodi)m, co""er, !old, sil$er,

al)mini)m1
Hydrogen bonding
2it ydro!en atom as te "ositi$e end of te di"ole
if #onds arise as a res)lt of electrostatic attraction
#et'een atoms1
Properties:
Bonds are directional
Stron! com"ared to di"ole di"ole interactions
Ha$e lo' meltin! "oints
.ood ins)lators as tey don6t a$e $alence electrons1
Sol)#le in #ot "olar and non "olar sol$ents1
Tey are trans"arent to li!t
Van der waals bonding
2ea4 and tem"orary di"ole #onds #et'een
ydro!en
Properties:
Bonds are non directional
2ea4er tan ydro!en #ondin!
Ha$e lo' meltin! "oints
.ood ins)lators
Sol)#le in #ot "olar and non "olar sol$ents
Trans"arent to li!t
E(am"les*
Solid neon, solid ar!on
Crystal growth

+)cleation

7e' atoms 8oin to!eter and form em#ryo/ "ro#a#ility to !ro'

f)rter is less0

7)rter !ro't critical n)cle)s

%olec)les !et oriented to a fi(ed lattice

Crystal Growth Techniques
91 .ro't from sol)tion

Idea*
omo!eneo)s soln -: solid (tals ; sol$ent
<1 .ro't from !as /$a"or0 "ase

Idea*
E$a"orate "o'der, de"osit $a"or onto seeds
=1 .ro't from li5)id /melt0 "ase

Idea*
%elt "oly(tals of desired materials, slo'ly cool
Growth from solution
Hydrotermal !ro't
Growth from melt
C>ocrals4i metod
Brid!man-Stoc4#ar!er metod
Growth from vapour
Cemical $a"o)r de"osition
Applications

ie!oelectric quart! crystal "oscillator# in

in$%et printing
Applications& sensor
1. Roll Empty Detection
2. Web Tensioning
3. Splice Detection
4. Web Tension Control
5. Web Break onitoring
!. Cylin"er an" #art
#osition
$. %nk &e'el Detection
application
Lasers

Laser "rinter

Ct" "latema4in!
&iolet /+eodymi)m-do"ed crystals0
Termal/I3 crystals li4e ?n.eP< ,
A!.aSe<, A!.aS<, .aSe 0
@$ ct" "lates /Ce*LiSA7 crystals0

.ra$)re cylinder "re"aration

Crystallograp(y

Crystallography is te science of te arran!ement of atoms in

solids1

Crystalline solids- atoms are arran!ed in a "eriodic manner

sin!le or "olycrystalline1

+on crystalline solids are called amor"o)s and a$e no

directional "ro"erties

Termal, electrical, mecanical and o"tical "ro"erties of crystals

de"end on teir str)ct)ral "ro"erties1

A- ray diffraction and ne)tron diffraction metods are )sed to

st)dy te crystal str)ct)re1
Space &attice
Lattice is te re!)lar !eometrical arran!ement of "oints in crystal s"ace1
Te atoms arran!e temsel$es in distinct "attern in s"ace is called a
Space Lattice1
Atoms in crystalline materials are arran!ed in a re!)lar = Dimensional
re"eatin! "attern 4no'n as Lattice Structure1
Tey are di$ided #y net'or4 of lines in to e5)al $ol)mes, te "oints of
intersection are 4no'n as Lattice Points1
)nit Cell

It is te smallest "ortion of te
lattice 'ic re"eated in all
directions1

=D $is)ali>ation of 9B S"ace
Lattices are 4no'n as Bravais
Space Lattice1

If a )nit cell contains lattice

"oints only at it6s corners, ten it
is called Primitive Unit Cell (or)
Simple Unit Cell.

Tree ed!e len!t (,y, & > and

tree intera(ial an!les C, D, & E
are termed as Lattice
Parameters1
Crystal System

It is a sceme #y 'ic crystal str)ct)res are classified accordin! to )nit

cell !eometry1
Types of Crystal Systems:
C)#ic
Tetra!onal
He(a!onal
Ortorom#ic
3om#oedral
%onoclinic
Triclinic
Simple Crystal Str*ct*re

+earest nei!#o)r distance/<r0

Atomic radi)s/r0

Coordination n)m#er/n0

Atomic "ac4in! factor/$F&0

Poloni)m is te only element tat e(i#it tis str)ct)re

'imple cubic structure
+earest nei!#o)r distance G <r G a
2ere aG lattice constant
Atomic radi)s rG aF<
Coordination n)m#erGH
Pac4in! factorG $ol)me of all atoms in an )nit cell
$ol)me of te )nit cell
Bo"y Centere" C*bic Str*ct*re +BCC,

@nit cell contains < atoms

Lattice Constant aG Br F I=,

'ere r is atomic radi)s Atomic "ac4in!

factor AP7 G J1HK

%etals are &anadi)m, %oly#den)m,

Titani)m, T)n!sten
-ace Centere" C*bic +-CC,

@nit cell contains B atoms

Lattice Constant aG Br F I<,

'ere r is atomic radi)s

Atomic "ac4in! factor AP7 G

J1L<

%etals are Co""er, Al)min)m,

Pos"oro)s, +ic4el, Co#alt etc
.e/agonal Close" #acke" Str*ct*re
+.C#,

@nit cell contains = atoms

Atomic "ac4in! factor AP7 G J1LB

%etals are ?inc, Cadmi)m, Berylli)m,

%a!nesi)m etc
iller %n"ices

%iller Indices is a system of notation tat denotes te

orientation of te faces of a crystal and te "lanes and
directions of atoms 'itin tat crystal1

iller !n"ices for Planes:

Intercepts ( a ) a ) a Intercepts ( a ) a ) * Intercepts ( + a ) a ) *
olymorphism and allotrophy
Te a#ility of a material to
a$e more tan one str)ct)re
in its solid state
If te can!e in str)ct)re is
re$ersi#le ten te
"olymor"ic can!e is
allotro"y
E(am"le* co#alt, car#on
Crystal Imperfections

Point im"erfection

Line im"erfection

S)rface im"erfection

&ol)me im"erfection
oint imperfection

&acancy atoms

Interstitial atoms

S)#stit)tional atoms
Vacancy
self-
interstiti
al
,-
oint .efects in an ionic crystal
/ren$el and 'chott$y
Schottky
Defect
Frenkel
Defect
0ine imperfection

Ed!e dislocation

Scre' dislocation
'crew dislocation
surface imperfections
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volume imperfections
Stac4in! fa)lts
1uestions

2ic amon! te follo'in! as i!er #ond stren!t

Ionic #ondin!
Co$alent #ondin!
%etallic #ondin!
Hydro!en #ondin!
#ns$er: !onic %on"ing
1uestions

2at is te miller indices of te !i$en crystal "lane

Ans'er* <9J
1uestions

E(am"le for sim"le c)#ic str)ct)re

Ans'er* "oloni)m

'at are te t'o Allotro"ic forms of car#on

Ans'er* !ra"ite and diamond

+ame te t'o ty"es of "oint im"erfections in an ionic crystal

Ans'er* fren4el and scott4y