Design Standards for

Railway Structures and

Commentary (Cut and Cover
Tunnel)
Ghani
Introduction
Limit state design Allowable stress method
Ultimate limit state Serviceability limit state Fatigue limit state
Safety
Factor
Load factor,

Structural analysis factor,

Material factor,

Member factor,

Ground investigation coeff.,

Ground resistance coeff.,

Structure factor,

!
Design of Main
Structure
Characteristic value of load, F
k
Design load, F
d
=
f
. Fk

Section force, S(F
d
)

Design section force,
S
d
= {
a
.
S(F
d
)}

Load factor,
f

Structural analysis coeff.,
a

Section Force
Characteristic value of material
strength, f
k
Design strength of material,
f
d
= f
k
/
m


Section capacity, R(f
d
)

Design section capacity,
R
d
= R(f
d
) /
b
Material factor,
m

Member factor,
b

Section Capacity
Verification equation,

i
. S
d
/ R
d
< 1.0

Safety from:


Bending moment, axial force,
shear force
Safety from:


Floating
Must satisfy

1
. U
s
/ (W
S
+W
B
.2Q
2
+2Q
B
) < 1.0

Must satisfy
1. Ultimate Limit State
Study of safety from section failure and body stability:
Design of Main
Structure
2. Serviceability Limit State
Study of stress and cracking:
(i) Stress under bending moment and axial force:

Regarding the limits on stress, the bending compressive stress
of concrete during action by permanent load is 40% or less of
the design compressive strength, and the tensile stress of steel
during action by variable load is equal to or less than the design
tensile yield strength.
(ii) Cracking:

Design of Main
Structure
3. Fatigue Limit State

In a case where the percentage variable load share of the
design section force is large and the number of cycles high,
safety from fatigue is studied by conrming that the conditions
in equation below are satised.

i
.
rd
/(f
rd
/
b
) < 1.0


Design of
Temporary Work
(Design Standards for Railway
Structures and Commentary Cut
and Cover Tunnel)
Surveying

Planning

Hypothesizing
Design
Condition

Design START

Is it sandy soil
with high
groundwater
level?
Studying boiling

YES

Is there artesian
water below
the bottom
surface of the
cut?
NO

Studying heaving

YES

Is it soft clay
ground?
NO

Studying heaving
by background
load

YES

H > 15 m
NO

NO

Is it based
on
customary
design
method?
YES

Computing
embedding depth

Studying support
work and wall surface
*Customary design method

Deciding ground constant
Hypothesizing groundwater level
Construction environment
Setting cutting range
Soil retaining work
Support work
Cutting (excavation) method
Auxiliary work method
Selecting soil
retaining wall

YES

NO

Can be used as main
body
Hypothesizing cutting method
and sequence, support work
type and location

Computing load

Computing design
embedding length

Embedment length decided based
on:
balance of moments
boiling
creeping
heaving
bearing force
A B C
Section computation of
wall body

Studying struts

C
B
A
Struts
Ground anchor
Reinforcing material
Studying wales and
angle braces

Computing
deformation of soil
retaining wall

Is displacement of
the soil retaining
wall within the
allowable value?
NO

Allowed value decided based on
tie-ins with main structure
Allowed value decided based on
failure of background
NO

NO

Is displacement of
surrounding
structures within
allowable value?
NO

Allowed value based on surrounding
environment conditions
END

YES

Special comment)
* This design ow chart was mainly the elastic-
plastic method. For the customary design
method, necessary items are studied as convenient
Calculation (1)
Active lateral pressure
Ps = Ks.qs

qs = surcharge load (10 kN/m2)
Ks = Ka
cohesion
For sand: For clay:
Wall friction, = /3
Passive lateral pressure
Pp Kpr( ti hi Pw) Kpc c Pw in the case of sand
Pp Kpr( ti hi) Kpc c in the case of clay

ti hi Pw > 0
Where:
Pp: Passive lateral pressure (kN/m 2 )
Kpr: Passive lateral pressure coefficient of dead weight component of soil at the focus point
Kpc: Passive lateral pressure coefficient of cohesive component of soil at the focus point
c: Cohesion of soil at the focus point
ti hi: All of overburden pressure of soil at the focus point
Pw: Pore water pressure at the focus point

= cos
2
/ 1
sin + . sin
cos
2

= 2

Calculation (2)
Equal lateral pressure
The equal lateral pressure used for the beam elasto-plastic spring method is the lateral pressure that acts on the
passive side as lateral pressure that does not contribute to
deformation of the wall.

Accordingly, the computation is done based on the effective active lateral pressure and the effective passive lateral pressure
obtained by subtracting the equal lateral pressure from the active and passive lateral pressures shown in the following Figure.
Boiling
Heaving
Heaving by background load
Embedment Length Design
1. Toe stability based on lowest strut 2. Toe stability based on pivot point below excv. base
Designing Strut

=
N
A
N =

=

0
.

2
8

= 140 2.4 4.5 1.5

=

=
1100000

2

Additional Calculation
Calculation of Stress for Wale
,

= Allowable bending stress

:
.

2

10

= Load to wale (kN/m/wale)

= Bending span of wale (m)

= .
= Strut reaction per unit width
= Effective ratio to wale
= Section modulus (mm
3
)

= 140 2.4 4.5 1.5