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This document discusses values, work ethics, and discipline in public administration. It covers several topics:
- Public administrators must uphold societal values and act responsibly while making decisions based on the collective public interest, not narrow private interests.
- There are various potential ethical issues for public managers like conflicts of interest, distorting information, misusing funds, discrimination, and more.
- Ethics are necessary in public administration to analyze what is morally right and wrong. There are goal values around desired outcomes and conduct values regarding appropriate processes.
- It is important to prevent issues like misconceptions of the public interest and corruption. Various approaches like managerial, political, legal, and new public management aim to
Исходное описание:
Chapter 6 - Values, Work Ethics and Discipline-210314_033315
Оригинальное название
Chapter 6 - Values, Work Ethics and Discipline-210314_033315
This document discusses values, work ethics, and discipline in public administration. It covers several topics:
- Public administrators must uphold societal values and act responsibly while making decisions based on the collective public interest, not narrow private interests.
- There are various potential ethical issues for public managers like conflicts of interest, distorting information, misusing funds, discrimination, and more.
- Ethics are necessary in public administration to analyze what is morally right and wrong. There are goal values around desired outcomes and conduct values regarding appropriate processes.
- It is important to prevent issues like misconceptions of the public interest and corruption. Various approaches like managerial, political, legal, and new public management aim to
This document discusses values, work ethics, and discipline in public administration. It covers several topics:
- Public administrators must uphold societal values and act responsibly while making decisions based on the collective public interest, not narrow private interests.
- There are various potential ethical issues for public managers like conflicts of interest, distorting information, misusing funds, discrimination, and more.
- Ethics are necessary in public administration to analyze what is morally right and wrong. There are goal values around desired outcomes and conduct values regarding appropriate processes.
- It is important to prevent issues like misconceptions of the public interest and corruption. Various approaches like managerial, political, legal, and new public management aim to
KLB 2213: Introduction to Public Administration Introduction In serving the public interest and maintaining the public trust, public administrators must:
Uphold the values of society Act responsibly
The public interest is the guide for administrative decisions
Decisions are made based on the best interests of the collective, overarching community or national good not narrow interests of small or self-serving groups
Ethical Problems for Public Managers Conflict of interest Distorting or concealing information Misuse of expense accounts, public funds Taking credit for others work Giving/receiving excessive gifts and entertainment Misleading statements to superiors Kickbacks Political favors Abuse of power Drug and alcohol abuse Employee theft Discrimination Sexual harassment
Ethical Practice is Necessary in Public Administration What is Ethics? The analysis of what is morally good, bad, right, and wrong public managers can make decisions and judgments that are fairer, more assured, normative, publicly defensible
Ethical analysis looks at values things considered to be important, the criteria used for making decisions
Two types of values Goal values what you want to achieve Conduct values the way you get there Goal Values What You Want to Achieve Ethics of outcomes
In public policy and administration, often refer to the utilitarian ethic Utilitarianism = The greatest good for the greatest number
Views social value as the total of everyones expected value for some alternative outcome
Used in public affairs often because easier to think about, justify, and pursue than other ethical approaches
Sometimes utilitarian goals easily met, other times can be very controversial
Conduct Values The Way You Get There Ethics of actions
Right or wrong decisions depend on conformity with principle
In public affairs, ethical principle = actions become law required of everyone Absolutism single, uniform principle is criterion for rightness Never tell a lie no matter what the circumstances Do no harm Treat others like you want to be treated
In some cases absolute conformity with a principle is possible and works well, but there may be multiple worthy principles Contradictions and loopholes among principles can emerge Ethics in Administration: Who Guards the Guardians? Public administrators are responsible for serving the public interest and guarding the public trust
But who guards them?
Public managers, administrators, and the permanent civil service make many decisions with major impacts for the public and individual welfare
However, they are not elected by the people
Ethical practice is therefore vital
Misconception of public interest Corruption Misconception of the Public Interest Can happen in public administration because
Administrators may not be a representative sample of the public at large Social class affects perception of people, their problems, and their wants/needs
Administrators are experts From their specialization, may develop a narrow outlook on public interest Their expert view is most important, others views less important Lack of consideration for alternative solutions, even if legitimate or dominant
Bureaus can be captured by client interests Close association, information, expertise, and personnel sharing Serve interests of clients the regulated community instead of public interest
Corruption Betraying the public trust to achieve private gain
Abuse of power through ability to make rules and decisions
Public administrators have something to allocate that others want
Worldwide phenomenon, seriously limits the ability and credibility of government
Political systems cannot function without exchange and bargaining Support for your party partly to receive its support Support for legislation in parliament so that it will support yours
All countries have norms and values that determine legitimate political exchange Ill reduce your taxes if you vote for me OK Ill give you $100 if you vote for me Illegal
Corruption vs. Civic Culture
Civic culture promotes community interests over private ones
Sees government as impersonal Government is not an instrument for giving and getting special favors Trading votes for money and jobs is corrupt Offering money to get licenses or contracts is corrupt (bribery) Government s job is to advance the general welfare Contracts, licenses, jobs, and other benefits are allocated impersonally based on merit, worth, and community- regarding rules Rules and benefits are applied irrespective of party affiliation
Political exchange is necessary but must align with civic culture
Public Administration Perspectives on Ethics Managerial Approach to Ethics Assignment of authority and responsibility must be clear Hierarchy with ideally single official at the top This way decisions wont get confused
Subordination Subordinates must obey the commands of their superiors Street-level bureaucracy is problematic
Loyalty Organizational socialization promotes importance of the mission creates unity and cohesion in the bureau Continuing to develop expertise and specialization makes employee non-transferrable
Managerial Approach to Ethics Formal disciplinary systems Codes of conduct to enforce accountability Rules Use of agency authority and property Timeliness Even personal details Ethical behavior means staying out of trouble
Financial audits Ethical use of public funds Inspectors general report to Congress, investigate if program funds were used as intended by the policy in terms of performance, management, and reporting Political Approach to Ethics Representation and accountability are key factors
Representation, public participation Diversified, pluralist civil service represents values/perspectives The public/groups can participate in administrative procedures
Sunshine laws Accessibility, open hearings, Freedom of Information Act
Rotation in Office Move civil servants between agencies, bureaus or in and out of public service, develop a broader sense of public interest so hopefully will not misinterpret
Legislative oversight Committee, subcommittee hearings, confirm appointees, require administrators to follow process, elected officials need to have oversight: public chooses them and can hold them accountable Legal Approach to Ethics Courts have helped to define ethical values in public administration by creating a legal regime
Internalized by public administrators Presidential Oath: To preserve, protect, and defend the Constitution of the United States of America Uphold Constitutional law and its values
Per the courts, public administrators can legally disobey unconstitutional laws Protection in whistle blowing situations
The legal approach sees the Rule of Law as a standard for ethical conduct
Legal approach uses independent counsels and investigators against the government when necessary
Law must be clear and consistently enforced New Public Management (NPM) Approach to Ethics Sees ethical safeguards advocated by managerial approach as impediments to cost-effective government
Favors external oversight of the bureau by the legislature
Opposes much internal oversight Employees can be trusted, let them do their job The majority of government workers are not corrupt Lack of trust binds employees in rules that undermines their initiative and entrepreneurialism Too much focus on rules
The ethical view of the NPM is based on trust government should trust the people including its own employees
US Constitutional checks and balances devised because of awareness of self-interest and corruption
NPM view is very different from this
Effort to Prevent Corruption Controls on Government Organizations External Internal Formal Judiciary Ombudsman Legislature Agency head/inspector general Whistle-blower statutes Informal Citizen participation Interest group representation Media Professional codes Representative bureaucracy Public interest Ethical analysis Relationships Controls Framework for analyzing controls on Government Organizations Diagram: The development of Anti- Corruption Laws in Malaysia The Prevention of Corruption Ordinance (1950) Prevention Corruption Act (1961) The Emergency (Essential Powers) Ordinance 1970 Anti Corruption Act (1997) Malaysian anti- Corruption Act (2009) Note: An Example of Combating Corruption Initiatives in Malaysia Sources: http://ideas.org.my/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/Anti-Corruption-Initiatives-Nov-2012.pdf Diagram: The development of Anti- Corruption Agency in Malaysia Corruption Prevention Unit (1959) Anti Corruption Agency (ACA) 1967 National Bureau of Investigation (1973) Anti corruption Agency (1982) Malaysia Anti Corruption Commission (2009) Note: An Example of Combating Corruption Initiatives in Malaysia Sources: http://ideas.org.my/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/Anti-Corruption-Initiatives-Nov-2012.pdf