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5/28/2014 1

SUBSTATION PLANNING
By
D.Chethan.
Asst. Executive Engineer (Ele),
Planning Section, KPTCL.

5/28/2014 2
SUBSTATION
A Substation is an assembly of
apparatus which transform the
characteristics of electrical energy
from one form to another.
A Substation is a link between the
generation of power and the
ultimate consumer.
5/28/2014 3
ALL-INDIA
(as on 31-03-2007)
Energy Requirement (MU) 690587
Energy supply (MU) 624495
Energy Shortage 9.6%
Peak Demand (MW) 100715
Peak Demand met (MW) 86818
Peak Deficit 13.7 %
5/28/2014 4
ALL-INDIA
(11
th
Plan & 12
th
Plan Period)
Year Energy
Requirement (BU)
Peak
Demand
(MW)
2011-12 1038 1,52,000
2016-17 1470 2,18,200
5/28/2014 5
POWER SECTOR REFORMS IN
KARNATAKA

Karnataka Electricity Reforms Act, 1999 was passed
and came into force with effect from 01.06.1999.
Karnataka Electricity Board restructured in 1999, new
successor entities KPTCL and V V N L
incorporated.

Karnataka Electricity Regulatory Commission
established and made functional from November 1999.

Memorandum of Agreement entered into with
Government of India to implement Power Sector
Reforms.


5/28/2014 6
Detailed Policy Statement issued in January 2001,
which mentions that Distribution Companies will be
privatized.
Independent Power Producers Policy also announced.
Distribution unbundled from KPTCL. Four Distribution
Companies, namely, BESCOM, MESCOM, GESCOM and
HESCOM were formed and made operational from
01.06.2002.
To enable the ESCOMs to start operations with clean
balance sheets, Government took over Rs. 1050 crores
of long-term loans and Rs. 866 crores of bad and
doubtful consumer receivables of KPTCL.
5/28/2014 7
PERFORMANCE RATING OF
KARNATAKAs POWER SECTOR BY
MINISTRY OF POWER
(JUNE 2006)
1. Andhra Pradesh
2. Gujarat
3. Delhi
4. Karnataka

This is based on a Study made by
CRISIL and ICRA

5/28/2014 8
PERFORMANCE RATING OF KARNATAKAs POWER
SECTOR BY MINISTRY OF POWER
(JUNE 2006)
1. Andhra Pradesh
2. Gujarat
3. Delhi
4. Karnataka

This is based on a Study made by
CRISIL and ICRA

5/28/2014 9
PROBLEMS FACING THE POWER SECTOR

GENERATION

Difficulties faced by KPCL in getting domestic coal

Protests against proposed new power projects by environmentalists
and local people

ALLOCATION OF POWER FROM CENTRAL GENERATING STATIONS

Allocation to Karnataka in CGS power is disproportionately small

Reduction of Karnatakas share in unallocated quota

5/28/2014 10
TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION
AT&C losses of 33.2 % and T&D losses of
29.68% are too high

FINANCIAL PROBLEMS
Non-payment of dues by IP set consumers and Gram
Panchayats

Capital expenditure financed solely by borrowings (except
for works under Rajiv Gandhi Grameen Vidyutikaran Yojana)

Unfavourable Tariff Orders passed by KERC
hardly any increase in tariffs
With increasing consumption of power by IP sets and no
increase in IP set tariff, subsidy burden will not come down

5/28/2014 11
Structure of Power Sector
Generation
KPCL IPPS NCE Projects PCKL
KPTCL
400 kV (4 nos)
220 kV (61 nos)
110 kV (233 nos)
66 kV (400 nos)
Construction
&
Maintenance
Divisions
BESCOM
CESC
MESCOM
HESCOM
GESCOM
HUKKERI
33 kV
Substations
(283 nos) ,
Lines &
11 KV Lines
Consumers
Operation &
Maintenance
Divisions
Transmission
Distribution
CGS
Inst. Cap. 8154 MW
as on 31.08.2007
Handled 40380 MU
in 2006-07
Energy Sales
28454 MUs in
2006-07
1.46 Crs.
5/28/2014 12
Power Sector Companies in Karnataka
KPCL
Karnataka Power Corporation Limited
PCKL
Power Company of Karnataka
KREDL Karnataka Renewable Energy
Development Corporation Ltd.
KPTCL
Karnataka Power Transmission
Corporation Limited
BESCOM
Bangalore Electricity Supply
Company
MESCOM
Mangalore Electricity Supply
Company
CESC
Chamundeshwari Electricity Supply
Corporation
HESCOM
Hubli Electricity Supply Company
GESCOM
Gulbarga Electricity Supply Company
Govt. of Karnataka
owned Companies
5/28/2014 13
Generator-wise Installed Capacity
As on 26.12.2007
NCE
18%
IPPs &
Others
4%
KPC-
Hydel
42%
CGS
16%
KPC-
Thermal
21%
Source Inst.Cap.
(MW)
%
KPC-Hydel 3392 41
KPC-Thermal 1598 20
CGS (alln. Only) 1315 16
NCE 1543 19
IPPs & Others 346 4
Total 8194 100
Break-up for NCE Projects (MW)
Wind 838
Co-gen. 355
Mini-Hydel 253
Bio-Mass 97
5/28/2014 14
7
6
2
0
7
3
5
3
7
0
0
7
6
0
8
5
6
0
8
5
5
9
3
9
1
2
0
0
8
5
8
1
4
3
1
4
7
3
6
4
0
1
1
3
4
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
02-03 03-04 04-05 05-06 06-07 07-08
M
W
s
Unrestricted Demand Shortage
Demand shortage
16%
10%
7%
17%
10%
16%
84% 90% 93% 83% 90% 84%
5/28/2014 15
7
6
2
0
7
3
5
3
7
0
0
7
6
0
8
5
6
0
8
5
5
9
3
9
1
2
0
0
8
5
8
1
4
3
1
4
7
3
6
4
0
1
1
3
4
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
02-03 03-04 04-05 05-06 06-07 07-08
M
W
s
Unrestricted Demand Shortage
Demand shortage
16%
10%
7%
17%
10%
16%
84% 90% 93% 83% 90% 84%
5/28/2014 16
4
1
0
7
5
4
0
3
7
9
3
4
6
4
1
3
3
1
1
0
3
1
2
1
0
2
9
2
7
9
5
6
5
1
3
6
3
4
5
5
3
3
4
5
1
5
3
4
3
9
4
5
3
8
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
35000
40000
45000
50000
02-03 03-04 04-05 05-06 06-07 07-08
M
U
s
Energy Met / Estimated Shortage
Energy shortage
13%
10%
12%
14%
8%
12%
87% 90% 88% 86%
92% 88%
5/28/2014 17
Capacity Addition Programme (Projects in KARNATAKA)
KPCL Projects Capacity (MW)
1 BTPS unit I & II - Thermal project 1000
2 RTPS 8
th
Unit Thermal Project 250
3 Varahi II Hydel Proejct 230
4 Gundia Hydel Project 400
5 Bidadi Combined Cycle Plant 1400
6 Kalgurki _ Thermal Project 1000
7 Yermaras Thermal Project 1000
8 Annechakanahalli Thermal Project 1000
9 Yadgir Thermal Project 1000
10 Edlapur Thermal Project 500
11 BTPS unit III Expansion Project 500
12 Kudathini - Thermal Project 1500
PCKL Projects
13 Chamalapura 1000
14 Jewargi 1000
15 Ghataprabha 1000
TOTAL 12780
During 11
th
Plan Period FY2008 FY 2012
NOTE: Above capacity addition doesnt include share in CGS Projects
5/28/2014 18
Capacity Addition Programme
IPPs Capacity (MW)
16 Nagarjuna 1015
17 Euro India Power Canara 500
TOTAL 1515
GRAND TOTAL 14295
5/28/2014 19
As on 01.01.2008
Voltage Level No. of stations
Tr. Line in
CKMs
400 kV 4
1978
220 kV 63
8656
110 kV 242
7606
66 kV 415
8306
33kV 285
7468
Total 1009
34014
Substations & Tr Lines
5/28/2014 20
T&D Loss Reduction
27.21
38.02
35.50
35.86
31.95
30.88
29.44
29.38
29.68
25
30
35
40
99-2000 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08
(
i
n

%
)
projected
5/28/2014 21
A T & C Loss
42.3
36.38
36.99
32.3
43.31
25
30
35
40
45
50
2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07
(
i
n

%
)
Overall
SECTOR
B
5/28/2014 22
Revenue & Expenditure Growth
8773
7933
6940
6295
10550
9475
7991
7918
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
10000
11000
12000
2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07
(
R
s
.

C
r
s
.
)
Revenue Expenditure
KPTCL & ESCOMs
5/28/2014 23
Company-wise Capex
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
KPTCL BESCOM MESCOM HESCOM GESCOM
(
R
s
.

C
r
s
.
)
2004-05 2005-06 2006-07
Year
KPTCL BESCOM MESCOM & CESC HESCOM GESCOM TOTAL
2004-05 472 334 61 213 90 1170
2005-06 479 432 127 199 128 1365
2006-07 870 563 310 307 171 2221
5/28/2014 24
Capex plan 2007-08 to 2009-10
Year
Transmission Distribution Total
2007-08 2400 3997 6397
2008-09 2100 1716 3816
2009-10 1600 2171 3771
TOTAL 6100 7884 13984
Rs. Crores
Capex
incurred
(till Nov 07)

1067

700

1767
5/28/2014 25
Purpose & Necessity
Generated power to be evacuated to
load centers for consumption.
Generating stations are far of from load
centers.
The process of
Generation Transmission Consumption
(in 10s kV) (in 100s kV) (in 100s V)
Needs Substation at various points
5/28/2014 26
Classification
Substations are classified into
Generating Substations.
Grid Substation mainly 400kV &
220kV class.
Distribution Substation mainly of
110kV,66kV,33kV class
Generating Substation are step-up
stations
5/28/2014 27
Classification
Grid Substations are main
nodal stations between
Generating Substations &
Distribution Substation.
Grid Substation may be
Switching Substations
Step-down stations
Distribution Substations are
step down stations
5/28/2014 28
Substation Planning
AIM
To minimize constructional
and operational cost.
To minimize loss.
To supply power safely
and reliably to the
consumer
5/28/2014 29
Substation Planning..
Sub-station planning considers
the location, size,voltage,
sources, loads and ultimate
function
Lack adequate planning
results in unnecessary and
costly modifications
5/28/2014 30
Planning Process
Long range planning
Detailed load forecasting
Locating load centers
Identifying Substation location and voltage
class
Developing upstream network
Detailed Planning
Valid requirements & criteria
Appropriate guidelines
Construction drawings & associated
documentation
The planning would test the engineers
ability to find an acceptable design from
diverse constraints
5/28/2014 31
Long Range Planning
Long range plan identifies the
requirement of sub-station not for
its initial use but also for some
years in future
It will consider ultimate
requirements in the initial design
itself
It would make economic
comparison to discover what
provisions are necessary for ease
of addition
5/28/2014 32
Planning methods
Substation & associated network
planning method can be classified
into
Heuristic
Mathematical Optimization

5/28/2014 33
Heuristic method
Based on Intuitive analysis i.e.,
Experience and analysis
Not a strict Mathematical Optimization
It is widely used due to its straight
forwardness, flexibility, speed of
computation & easy involvement of
personnel in decision making
Has ability to obtain a comparatively
optimal solution which meets practical
engineering requirements.
5/28/2014 34
Mathematical Optimization
Formulation of design requirements
as an operational mathematical
planning model and solved by an
optimization algorithm.
It posses more strictness in theory
Very difficult to solve a large scale
planning problem due to large
number of planning variables and
complex constraints
5/28/2014 35
Perspective Planning
The present practice is to combine
both heuristic and Mathematical
optimization methods
Perspective planning followed in
KPTCL is combination of Heuristic
and Horizon year planning method

5/28/2014 36
Perspective Planning
The Horizon year is so selected
that projected demand &
generation availability are known
reasonably well
Planning is based on guidelines
prescribed by CEA, Regulatory
Commission and Utilities
5/28/2014 37
Planning criteria
Substation capacity should not
exceed the limit set
If peak load of the station exceeds
90%
New stations are to be proposed
Upgraded to higher voltage

5/28/2014 38
Table 1 : Substation Maximum Capacity

SL.
No

Voltage Ratio
(kV)

By KPTCL in
MVA

By KERC in
MVA

1.

400/220

1000

1000

2

220/110, 220/66

300

320

3

110/33

40

150*

4

110/11

20

150*

5

66/11

63**

75

6

33/11

10

--

* The combined capacity of 110/33kV and
110/11kV levels.
** - 63MVA in case of Urban areas, 25MVA in
case of Semi-urban and 12.6/16MVA in rural
areas
5/28/2014 39
Planning criteria
Size & Number of ICTs
Outage of single unit should not
overload the remaining ICTs or
underlying system
Size & Number of HT/EHT
Transformer
Outage of single unit should not
limit the supply of 80% station load
By not overloading the remaining
transformer
By interconnection with adjacent
substations
The distance between two
substation is dependent on density
of load

5/28/2014 40
Reactive Power Compensation
Table 2 : Shunt capacitor compensation

MVA at
11kV Bus

Shunt Compensation

MVA <12.5

1 x 2.5 MVAr (at 12.1 kV) for each transformer
at 11 kV Bus

12.5 > MVA
< 30

1 x 5 MVAr (at12.1 kV) for each transformer at
11 kV Bus

MVA > 30

1 x 20 MVAr (at 72 kV) at 66kV Bus , 1 x 20
MVAr (at 121 kV) for 110 kV Bus

5/28/2014 41
Planning Criteria -Network
Addition of Network to avoid overloading
Incase the Substation is to be uprated to
higher voltage at a later date the
network be built for that higher voltage
If 110kV or 66kV station be uprated to
220kV station at a later date, the
addition line be of 220kV class but
charged on 110kV or 66kV
If three or more circuits of same voltage
class is envisaged Next higher voltage
may be considered
Every station be fed by a D/C line or shall
have provision for alternate feeding
5/28/2014 42
Voltage limits as per CEA
Table 3 : Specified Voltage Limits

Voltage


Minimum
(pu)

Minimum
(kV)

Maximum
(pu)

Maximum
(kV)

400 kV

0.95

380

1.05

420

220 kV

0.9

198

1.11

244.2

110 kV

0.924

101.64

1.0985

120.835

66 kV

0.924

60.984

1.0985

72.501

33 kV

0.909

29.997

1.09

35.97

11 kV

0.909

9.999

1.09

11.99

5/28/2014 43
Voltage Conductor
Loading
(MVA)
kM (Maximum)
220 kV Drake ACSR S/c 175 85
Drake ACSR S/c 100 185
Drake ACSR D/c 200 180
110 kV ACSR Lynx S/c 65 40
50 48
30 84
10 150
66 kV ACSR Coyote 30 28
25 30
8 100
6.3 130
33 kV ACSR Rabbit S/c 8.5 16
ACSR Rabbit S/c 5 24
ACSR Rabbit D/c 10 24
ACSR Coyote S/c 10 22
15 14
5/28/2014 44
Perspective planning
process
Planning process consists of
Preparation of data
Identification of load center and
the substation
Planning upstream network and
grid substation
Planning grid network
Staging study for intermediate
year
5/28/2014 45
Preparation of Data
Load forecasting
Load forecasting at macro level
will be carried out by CEA
The micro level shall be carried
out by the utilities
In the absence of load
forecasting, historical demand &
load growth may be considered
The Initial network should be
properly represented
5/28/2014 46
Identification of load center
and the substation
Peak demand recorded in each
substation in a particular year is taken
as base and to which load growth be
applied OR the results of the demand
forecast study be used
The new substation location is
identified
Based on peak load of the existing
stations
Based on Substation planning criteria
The loads of existing substations are
re-distributed to the new substation
based on their location & distance
5/28/2014 47
Sub-transmission Network
Load flow study is conducted in
islanded mode with each grid
substation as a slack bus
Violation of any planning criteria
Network is strengthened
New grid substation is added to
form additional island
5/28/2014 48
Grid substation Network
The interconnected network to
be represented completely
Generation schedule for the
system peak conditions are
drawn
The load flow study is carried
out by scaling down the load to
match system peak demand
5/28/2014 49
Grid substation Network
The Load flow study is repeated
for
Different combination of
generation schedule
With change in diversity factor in
different areas for the same
system peak like
Diversity factor 1 in north and
increased diversity in other areas
to match the system peak
Combination of above
5/28/2014 50
Grid substation Network
The network should not be
overloaded and shall meet the
planning criteria in all the studies
The network should meet the security
guidelines (both steady state and
transient state) Ex:N-1 contingency
checking
Short circuit, Transient and Voltage
stability studies shall be carried out
If any of the criteria not met, the
network expanded with additional
line.
5/28/2014 51
Staging study
This is the study for ascertaining
the substation & network additions
for the intermediate years
For example, if the horizon year is
2008, the staging studies in the
order of 2007,2006,2005,2004
shall be carried out
This is done running DC load flow
to identify the substation to be
removed
AC load flow is run to check the
planning criteria
5/28/2014 52
Staging study
In case criteria is not met, then one
or more substations removed is put
back
The study for ascertaining the grid
substation network is for the
System peak condition for that
year is repeated
The process is continued for other
year also
5/28/2014 53
Conclusion
The proposed approach is being
followed in KPTCL and the results
are encouraging
The Horizon year selected for the
study is 2007 (terminal year of 10
th

plan) and 2012 (terminal year of
11
th
plan)
The staging studies for the period
2007 to 2012 is carried out in detail
The overall network design for the
year 2017 is carried out without
staging studies
5/28/2014 54
Conclusion
The KPTCL network is represented
upto 11kV bus and complete
southern region network (400 &
220kV) with real power injection for
HVDC import

5/28/2014 55
Loss figures in KPTCL
0.00
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
7.00
8.00
Year
2002-03
Year
2003-04
Year
2004-05
Year
2005-06
Year
2006-07
Peak Power Losses
Tr. N.L Loss
33 kV
66 kV
110 kV
220 kV
400 kV
5/28/2014 56
Loss figures in KPTCL
0.00
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
7.00
Year
2002-03
Year
2003-04
Year
2004-05
Year
2005-06
Year
2006-07
Energy Losses
Tr. N.L Loss
33 kV
66 kV
110 kV
220 kV
400 kV
5/28/2014 57
Present planning process
The process is based on
The field report to overcome
the overloading and poor
voltage
Demand from local
consumers
Influence from various
quarters

5/28/2014 58
Present planning process..
Disadvantages
System improvement in
isolated pockets
Delay in execution
Improper upstream
network

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