Lecture 3

1
Steam Turbine (Part III)
Steam Turbine
Axial Thrust Management by Double Flow Turbine Design
In large turbines, managing large axial thrust on rotor is not feasible by
thrust bearing alone
It is therefore common to build double flow HP and LP turbines having
reaction blading
The axial thrust roduced at one end cancels out nearly same axial thrust
develoed in oosite direction due to design
!
Steam Turbine
3
Steam Turbine
Management of axial thrust by the use of:
1 Im!ulse bla"ing
The imulse stage has no ressure dro across the moving blades
The axial thrust is therefore eliminated
# Dummy !iston
"ot commonly used in nuclear installations
Seen in some single flow HP turbine at conventional ower stations
Here the axial thrust on the blade wheels is balanced by the dummy
iston
#
Steam Turbine
$
Labyrinth packing to limit:
Steam leakage
Past balancing
Piston
Balancing
piston
Steam pressure
balance example
HP steam inlet
Steam Turbine
Tan"em $om!oun"ing
The steam exands roughly $%% times from the inlet to the exhaust of the
turbine
Therefore in large nuclear ower stations, it may not be feasible to
accommodate large increase in the volume of the steam in only one LP
turbine
"ormally one HP turbine exhausts its steam into two or three LP turbines
with the double flow design
In one of the $#% &'e Indian "PP, one double flow HP sulies steam to
two double flow LP turbines
The arrangement of all the turbines in the turbine unit on a common shaft is
(nown as a tandem comounded turbine unit
)
Steam Turbine* Tandem +omounding
,
Illustration of Tan"em $om!oun"ing
Steam Turbine
Im!ulse %s &ea'tion Turbine: $om!arison an" Present Tren"
"early all turbines of resent age are imulse reaction turbine -commonly
called as reaction turbine.
It is established that the efficiency of the turbine deends on enthaly dro
er stage/ 0or reaction stage, this efficiency is 1 efficiency of imulse stage,
rovided that enthaly dro er stage is (et small/
2fficiency also deends on the ratio between blade velocity and steam
velocity/ Imulse stage is the most efficient when this ratio is about one half,
while reaction stage is the most efficient when this ratio is nearly one/
3
Steam Turbine
4
Steam Turbine
1%
Steam Turbine
Im!ulse %s &ea'tion Turbine: $om!arison an" Present Tren" ('ont"()
In view of large turbines, re5uiring high steam velocities and therefore high
velocity ratios, the advantage of reaction stage are obvious excet with
following limitations
This efficiency is offset by the ossible wastage of energy due to assing of
steam through the clearance saces between the moving blades and the
casing from ustream side of moving blade to downstream without doing
useful wor( in case of reaction turbine
0or a given ercentage of moisture in the steam assing through a stage,
reaction turbines suffer a loss in efficiency almost twice as great as in
imulse turbine
11
Steam Turbine
Im!ulse %s &ea'tion Turbine: $om!arison an" Present Tren" ('ont"()
6s the reaction turbines have ressure dro across moving blades, the
cumulative force of axial thrust of moving blades in HP turbine will be so
large that the thrust bearing would be extremely large and costly/ Seeing
this, HP turbine are designed as reaction turbine as double flow turbine to
be considered with imulse stages/
Thus, a reaction stage should be located in the low ressure region of
turbine
There is a general rule to use a greater ercentage of imulse on the HP
end and greater ercentage of reaction on the LP end
1!
Steam Turbine
)ffe't of )xhaust Pressure $hange on Turbine )x!ansion
6s noted from the 7an(ine cycle, lowering the bac( ressure on turbine
from P! to P3 will increase the wor( done by the area shown hatched
2xhaust ressure deends on the temerature of the available cooling water
&oreover wor( done er unit dro in ressure of steam is more at lower
ressures
2xansion to lower ressure results in increased wetness fraction, which
causes erosion of last stage blades
Increased secific volume at lower exhaust ressure demand greater height
of blades in the last stages of turbine to rovide larger area for the flow of
increased volume of steam
13
Steam Turbine
1#
)ffe't of )xhaust Pressure on Turbine )x!ansion
Steam Turbine
The &eheat $y'le
Steam at a given initial temerature is artially exanded and leads to wor( on
turbines
This artially exanded steam at some stages of turbine -rocess e8f. is again
heated
This is done first by bleed steam and then by live steam u to its original
temerature
Process figure indicates temerature rise and figure on slide 3# for reheating
arrangement
The reheated steam is then exanded in the remaining stages of the turbine
-rocess g8h. before being condensed
The reheat cycle incororates an imrovement in thermal efficiency and reduces
moisture content at exhaust
1$
Steam Turbine
1)
The &eheat $y'le
Steam Turbine
&egenerati%e Fee" *eating
Steam is extracted at intermediate stages
This is to heat feedwater in feedwater heaters before sending to boiler
Higher thermal and cycle efficiency due to such bleed steam releasing all its heat in
feedwater
It is universally used in central ower generating station
6 small loss of wor( is exected from the bleed steam not exanding in the turbine
This loss is outweighed by*
9ain in cycle efficiency
:uantity of exhaust steam is less
Si;e of condenser decreases
1,
Steam Turbine
13
&egenerati%e Fee" *eating
Steam Turbine
)ffe't of Fee" *eating
It may be seen that feed heating has raised the feedwater temerature from
T) to T1 in T8S diagram
So, the boiler needs to increase the temerature from T1 to T! before
steam roduction begins
Thus, the contribution of heat addition from boiler side becomes less,
leading to cycle efficiency imrovement
0eedwater tyically enters a steam generator of "PP at around 1,$<+
Thus heat energy addition by steam generator would be at an average of
3$<+ hotter than without feed heating
14
Steam Turbine
)ffe't of Fee" *eating ('ont"()
+ycle efficiency is also better as the extraction steam leaving the feed
heater and the feedwater leaving the same feed heater is tyically $<+ or
less indicating efficient heat transfer
It has been established that there will be little advantage going beyond ) to
3 feed heating stages
!%
Steam Turbine
!1
)ffe't of Fee" *eating