ECE 333

Green Electric Energy

Lecture 20
Wind Energy

Professor Tom Overbye

Department of Electrical and
Computer Engineering
 Announcements

• Start reading Chapter 6.

• Homework 8 is due now.
• Homework 9 is 6.12, 6.14, 6.15. It doesn’t need to be turned in but should be completed
before the test. Kate will post solutions by next Tuesday.
• Exam 2 is Thursday November 19 in class. You can bring in your old note sheet and
one new notes sheet. Kate is posting exam 2 from last semester.
 Ex. 6.11 – Annual Energy from a
Wind Turbine
• NEG Micon 750/48 (750 kW and 48 m rotor)
• Tower is 50 m
• In the same area, vavg is 5m/s at 10 m
• Assume standard air density, Rayleigh statistics,
Class 1 surface, (total) efficiency is 30%

• Find the annual energy (kWh/yr) delivered

 Ex. 6.11 Annual Energy from a
Wind Turbine
• We need to use (6.16) to find v at 50 m, where z for
roughness Class 1 is 0.03 m (from Table 6.4)
ln( H / z )
v = v0 (6.16)
ln( H 0 / z )
ln(50 / 0.03)
v = 5 m/s = 6.39 m/s
ln(10 / 0.03)
• Then, the average power density in the wind at 50 m
from (6.48) is
6 1
Pavg /m = ⋅ (1.225) ( 6.39 ) = 304.5 W/m 2
2 3

π 2
 Ex. 6.11 Annual Energy from a
Wind Turbine
• The rotor diameter is 48 m and the total efficiency is 30%, so the average power
from the wind turbine is

π
0.3 ⋅ (delivered ) ⋅ 4 ⋅ ( 48) = 165303 W
2
Pavgthe=energy
• Then, 304.5 inW/m 2
a year is

Energy = 165.303 kW ⋅ 8760 hrs/yr = 1.44 × 106 kWh/yr

 Wind Farms

• Normally, it makes sense to install a large number of

wind turbines in a wind farm or a wind park
• Benefits
– Able to get the most use out of a good wind site
– Reduced development costs
– Simplified connections to the transmission system
– Centralized access for operations and maintenance
• How many turbines should be installed at a site?
 Wind Farms

• We know that wind slows down as it passes through the blades. Recall
the power extracted by the blades:

1
bthe blades( reducesdthe
= − )
P m& v 2
v 2
(6.18)
• Extracting power with 2 available power to
downwind machines
• What is a sufficient distance between wind turbines so that windspeed has
recovered enough before it reaches the next turbine?
Wind Farms

For closely spaced towers,

efficiency of the entire array
becomes worse as more wind
turbines are added

Figure 6.28
 Wind Farms

• The study in Figure 6.28 considered square arrays, but

square arrays don’t make much sense
• Rectangular arrays with only a few long rows are better
• Recommended spacing is 3-5 rotor diameters between
towers in a row and 5-9 diameters between rows
• Offsetting or staggering the rows is common
• Direction of prevailing wind is common
 Wind Farms – Optimum Spacing

Ballpark
figure for
GE 1.5 MW
in Midwest
is one per
80 acres

3 D to 5D
Figure 6.29
Optimum spacing is
estimated to be 3-5 rotor
diameters between 5 D to 9D

towers and 5-9 between

rows
Ex. 6.12 – Energy Potential for a
Wind Farm

4D

7D

Note that the 4D and the 7D are switched on the figure in the book.
 Ex. 6.12 – Energy Potential for a
Windfarm
4D

7D

a. Find annual energy production per unit of land area

if the power density at hub height is 400-W/m2
(assume 50 m, Class 4 winds)
b. What does the lease cost in $/kWh if the land is
leased from a rancher at $100 per acre per year?
 Ex. 6.12 – Energy Potential for a
Windfarm

a. For 1 wind turbine:

Land Area Occupied = 4D ⋅ 7 D = 28D 2
1
Annual Energy Production = ρ Av 3 ⋅ ∆t ⋅η
2
1 3 π 2
where ρ v = 400 W/m and A = D
2

2 4

Annual Energy Production/Land Area

400 W π 2 8760hr 1 kWh
= ⋅ ( D m) ⋅ ⋅ 0.3 ⋅ 0.8 ⋅ = 23.588
m 2
4 yr 28D 2
(m2 ⋅ yr)
 Ex. 6.12 – Energy Potential for a
Windfarm
$100
b. 1 acre = 4047m 2 Land Cost =
acre ⋅ yr
In part (a), we found

Annual Energy kWh

= 23.588
Land Area (m 2 ⋅ yr)
or equivalently
kWh 4047 m 2 kWh
23.588 ⋅ = 95, 461
(m ⋅ yr)
2
acre (acre ⋅ yr)
Then, the lease cost per kWh is
$100 / acre ⋅ yr
lease cost = = $0.00105/kWh
95, 461 kWh / acre ⋅ yr
 Time Variation of Wind

• We need to not just consider how often the wind blows

but also when it blows with respect to the electric load.
• Wind patterns vary quite a bit with geography, with
coastal and mountain regions having more steady
winds.
• In the Midwest the wind tends to blow the strongest
when the electric load is the lowest.
Upper Midwest Daily Wind Variation

August April

Source: www.uwig.org/XcelMNDOCwindcharacterization.pdf
How Rotor Blades Extract Energy
from the Wind
Airfoil – could be the wing of an
airplane or the blade of a wind
turbine

Figure 6.30 (a)

 How Rotor Blades Extract Energy
from the Wind
• Air is moving towards the
wind turbine blade from
the wind but also from the
relative blade motion
• The blade is much faster at
the tip than at the hub, so
the blade is twisted to keep
the angles correct

Figure 6.30 (b)

 Angle of Attack, Lift, and Drag

• Increasing angle of
attack increases lift,
but it also increases
drag
Figure 6.31 (a)

• If the angle of attack

is too great, “stall”
occurs where
turbulence destroys
Figure 6.31 (b) - Stall
the lift
Idealized Power Curve

Cut –in windspeed, rated windspeed, cut-out

windspeed

Figure 6.32
 Idealized Power Curve

• Before the cut-in windspeed, no net power is generated

• Then, power rises like the cube of windspeed
• After the rated windspeed is reached, the wind turbine operates at
rated power (sheds excess wind)
• Three common approaches to shed excess wind
– Pitch control – physically adjust blade pitch to reduce angle of attack
– Stall control (passive) – blades are designed to automatically reduce efficiency
in high winds
– Active stall control – physically adjust blade pitch to create stall
 Idealized Power Curve

• Above cut-out or furling windspeed, the wind is too strong

to operate the turbine safely, machine is shut down, output
power is zero
• “Furling” –refers to folding up the sails when winds are too
strong in sailing
• Rotor can be stopped by rotating the blades to purposely
create a stall
• Once the rotor is stopped, a mechanical brake locks the
rotor shaft in place
 Example: Small Wind Turbine

• Consider a 0.9 kW wind turbine with a 2.13m blade installed at a hub height
where the average wind speed is 6.7 m/s.
• Assume the turbine costs $1,600 and the installation/other capital costs add an
additional $900
• The $2,500 total capital is financed with a 15-year, 7% load.
• Annual O&M costs are $100
• The capital recovery factor (i=0.07, n =15) is 0.1087
• Total annual payments are thus $(2500*0.1087+100)
= $374.49/yr
 Example: Small Wind Turbine, cont.

• To estimate the energy delivered by the turbine we’ll use the CF approach from
(6.65)

PR 0.9
CF = 0.087V − 2 = (0.087)(6.7) − 2
= 0.385
D 2.13
• Total energy supplied by turbine would be about
(0.9)kW⋅ (8760)hr/yr ⋅ 0.385 = 3035 kWh/yr
• Average cost per kWh is then 374.5/3035 = 0.123 $/kWh
• This value is close to current rates, and also assumes the wind turbine only lasts
for 15 years.
• Note, a 6.7 m/sec average wind is class 3 (much of Illinois at 50m)
 Current Prices for Small Wind

• The Home Depot is selling a 900W wind turbine kit,

which includes the turbine and a 1000W inverter, for
$2497.97; tower and batteries are extra (65’ tower goes
for about $1000 plus installation).

Most
Illinois
sites are
< 12 mph
at 65’

Source: www.homedepot.com; www.kansaswindpower.net

 Government Credits

• Federal government provides tax credits of 30% of cost for small

(household level) solar, wind, geothermal and fuel cells (starting
in 2009 the total cap of $4000 was removed)
• I don’t think Illinois has a wind credit, but they do have a solar
credit (30% of cost)
• For large systems the Federal Renewable Electricity Production
Tax Credit pays 1.5¢/kWh (1993 dollars, inflation adjusted,
currently 2.1¢) for the first ten years of production

Source for federal/state incentives: www.dsireusa.org

 Economies of Scale

• Presently large wind farms produce electricity more

economically than small operations
• Factors that contribute to lower costs are
– Wind power is proportional to the area covered by the blade
(square of diameter) while tower costs vary with a value less
than the square of the diameter
– Larger blades are higher, permitting access to faster winds
– Fixed costs associated with construction (permitting,
management) are spread over more MWs of capacity
– Efficiencies in managing larger wind farms typically result in
lower O&M costs (on-site staff reduces travel costs)
 Environmental Aspects of Wind
Energy
• US National Academies issued report on issue in 2007
• Wind system emit no air pollution and no carbon
dioxide; they also have essentially no water requirements
• Wind energy serves to displace the production of energy
from other sources (usually fossil fuels) resulting in a net
decrease in pollution
• Other impacts of wind energy are on animals, primarily
birds and bats, and on humans
 Environmental Aspects of Wind
Energy, Birds and Bats
• Wind turbines certainly kill birds and bats, but so do lots
of other things; windows kill between 100 and 900
million birds per year
Estimated Causes of Bird Fatalities, per 10,000

Source: Erickson, et.al, 2002. Summary of Anthropogenic Causes of Bird Mortality

 Environmental Aspects of Wind
Energy, Birds and Bats
• Of course most people do not equate killing a little song
bird, like a sparrow, the same as killing a bigger bird,
like an eagle (less prone to hit the front window).
– Large bird (raptor) mortalities are about 0.04 bird/MW/year,
but these values vary substantially by location with Altamont
Pass (CA) killing about 1 raptor/MW/year.
• Turbine design and location has a large impact on
mortality
 Environmental Aspects of Wind
Energy, Human Aesthetics
• Aesthetics is often the primary human concern
about wind energy projects (beauty is in the eye of
the beholder); night lighting can also be an issue

Figure 4-1 of NAS Report, Mountaineer Project 0.5 miles

 Environmental Aspects of Wind
Energy, Human Aesthetics,
Offshore
Offshore wind turbines currently need to be in relatively shallow water, so maximum distance from shore depends on the seabed
• Capacity
• factors tend
to increase
as turbines
move further
off-shore

Image Source: National Renewable Energy Laboratory

Cape Wind Simulated View,
Nantucket Sound, 6.5 miles Distant

Source: www.capewind.org
 Environmental Aspects of Wind
Energy, Human Well-Being
• Wind turbines often enhance the well-being of many people, but some living
nearby may be affected by noise and shadow flicker
• Noise comes from 1) the gearbox/generator and 2) the aerodynamic interaction of
the blades with the wind
• Noise impact is usually moderate (50-60 dB) close (40m), and lower further away
(35-45 dB) at 300m
– However wind turbine frequencies also need to be considered, with both a “hum” frequency
above 100 Hz, and some inaudible or barely audible low frequencies (20 Hz or less)
• Shadow flicker is more of an issue in high latitude countries since a lower sun
casts longer shadows
 Questions Landowners Should
Consider Before Signing Up
• How much do I get and how much land will be tied up and for how
long (usually about $3000/yr per turbine)
– Is it fixed or based on revenue?
• What land rights are given up; what can I still do?
• Who has what liability insurance?
• What rights is the developer able to transfer without my consent?
• What are my and the developer’s termination rights?
• If the agreement is terminated, what happens to the wind energy
structures and related facilities (they take a lot of concrete!)
 Wind Turbines and Property Taxes
in Illinois
• Illinois taxes property (land/buildings) at a rate equal to 1/3 its
“fair cash value.”
– Personal property is not taxed (e.g., they tax your house but not what
you have in your house).
• Beginning in 2008 Illinois assigns a fair cash value to wind
turbines based at a rate of $360,000 per MW*an inflation value
(set to 1.0 in 2008) – a depreciation value.
• Property tax rates in Champaign county are around $7 to $8 /
$100. At 8% the owner of 1.5 MW wind turbine would need to
pay $9600 per year, which is about $2.4 per MWh (assuming a
30% capacity factor)
 Power Grid Integration of Wind
Power
• Currently wind power represents a minority of the generation in
power system interconnects, so its impact of grid operations is
small
• But as wind power grows, in the not too distant future it will
have a much larger, and perhaps dominant impact of grid
operations
• Wind power has impacts on power system operations ranging
from that of transient stability (seconds) out to steady-state
(power flow)
– Voltage and frequency impacts are key concerns
 Wind Power, Reserves and
Regulation
• A key constraint associated with power system operations is pretty
much instantaneously the total power system generation must match
the total load plus losses
– Excessive generation increases the system frequency, while excessive load
decreases the system frequency
• Generation shortfalls can suddenly occur because of the loss of a
generator; utilities plan for this occurrence by maintaining sufficient
reserves (generation that is on-line but not fully used) to account for
the loss of the largest single generator in a region (e.g., a state)
Wind Power, Reserves and
Regulation, cont.
Eastern Interconnect Frequency Response for
Loss of 2600 MW;
 Wind Power, Reserves and
Regulation, cont.
• A fundamental issue associated with “free fuel” systems like wind
is that operating with a reserve margin requires leaving free energy
“on the table.”
– A similar issue has existed with nuclear energy, with the fossil fueled units
usually providing the reserve margin
• Because wind turbine output can vary with the cube of the wind
speed, under certain conditions a modest drop in the wind speed
over a region could result in a major loss of generation
– Lack of other fossil-fuel reserves could exacerbate the situation
 Wind Power and the Power Flow

• The most common power system analysis tool is the power flow
(also known sometimes as the load flow)
– power flow determines how the power flows in a network
– also used to determine all bus voltages and all currents
– because of constant power models, power flow is a nonlinear analysis
technique
– power flow is a steady-state analysis tool
– it can be used as a tool for planning the location of new generation,
including wind
 Five Bus Power Flow Example

T2
800 MVA
1 T1 5 4 345/15 kV 3 520 MVA
Line 3
345
50kV
mi
400 MVA 800 MVA
15 kV 15 kV
400 MVA 345 kV 40 Mvar 80 MW
Line 2

Line 1
345 kV
15/345 kV 100 mi 200 mi

2
280 Mvar 800 MW

Single-line diagram
37 Bus Power Flow Example
Metropolis Light and Power Electric Design Case 2
A
SLA CK345
MVA
A

MVA

22 0 MW
1.03 pu RA Y3 45
slack
52 Mvar
System Losses: 10.70 MW A A A

1.02 pu MVA MVA SLA CK138 MVA

T I M3 45
1.02 pu RA Y1 38
A A
A
1.03 pu
MVA MVA
MVA
T I M138 33 MW A

1.00 pu 1.03 pu
13 Mvar MVA
1 5.9 Mvar 18 MW
A 1.02 pu RA Y6 9
A 5 Mvar 3 7 MW
MVA A
1 7 MW A
MVA
PA I 69 1 3 Mvar
1.01 pu MVA 3 Mvar MVA
1.02 pu T I M69
A 1 .01 pu GROSS69 A

23 MW
MVA
MVA
FERNA 69
7 Mvar A
1.01 pu WOLEN69
A A
12 MW
MVA
HI SKY 69 3 Mvar
MVA MVA
PET E69 A
A
A
4.9 Mvar
MORO1 38 MVA
58 MW A MVA

39 MW MVA
40 Mvar 1.01 pu MVA
13 Mvar 1 .00 pu BOB138 A
12 MW HA NNA H69 28.9 Mvar DEMA R69 A A
5 Mvar 60 MW
MVA

MVA MVA
19 Mvar
1.00 pu 20 MW
1.00 pu
A
1.02 pu BOB69
12 Mvar
0.99 pu 14.2 Mvar UI UC6 9 MVA
1.00 pu
12.8 Mvar 12 4 MW 56 MW
KYLE69 A A

45 Mvar
A
MVA MVA 13 Mvar LYNN138
16 MW
MVA
A -14 Mvar
2 5 MW A A
MVA 14 MW
3 6 Mvar BLT 13 8
A MA NDA 69
MVA
1.00 pu MVA 4 Mvar
A
0.99 pu A A

MVA 25 MW MVA MVA SHI MKO69 1 .02 pu

A
H OMER69 10 Mvar 1.01 pu A
7.4 Mvar
BLT 69 MVA
A
1.01 pu MVA
A
MVA 1 5 MW
20 MW
HA LE69 5 5 MW 5 Mvar
3 Mvar MVA A

2 5 Mvar A

1.00 pu MVA
MVA

A
A
36 MW A
1.01 pu
60 MW MVA 10 Mvar 7.3 Mvar MVA
A
A

MVA
12 Mvar
1 .00 pu 1.00 pu PA TT EN69 MVA

0.0 Mvar A
MVA

4 5 MW 14 MW ROGER69
MVA
1.01 pu WEBER69 0 Mvar
LA UF69 2 Mvar
1.02 pu
23 MW
22 MW 10 MW
A A
6 Mvar 14 MW A

20 MW 15 Mvar 5 Mvar
MVA MVA 3 Mvar MVA
28 Mvar
1.02 pu J O1 38 J O345
LA UF138 1.02 pu SA VOY69 38 MW
1.0 0 pu
3 Mvar
1 .01 pu BUCKY13 8 A

A MVA A

150 MW
MVA 1.0 1 pu SA VOY13 8 MVA
A A
0 Mvar
MVA MVA

150 MW
A
0 Mvar
MVA
1 .03 pu
1.02 pu A

MVA
 Good Power System Operation

• Good power system operation requires that there be no reliability

violations for either the current condition or in the event of statistically
likely contingencies
• Reliability requires as a minimum that there be no transmission line/transformer
limit violations and that bus voltages be within acceptable limits (perhaps 0.95 to
1.08)
• Example contingencies are the loss of any single device. This is known as n-1
reliability.
• North American Electric Reliability Corporation now has legal authority
to enforce reliability standards (and there are now lots of them). See
http://www.nerc.com for details (click on Standards)
 Looking at the Impact of Line Outages
Metropolis Light and Power Electric Design Case 2
A
SLACK345
MVA
A

MVA

227 MW
1.03 pu RA Y345
slack
43 Mvar

System Losses: 17.61 MW A A A

1.02 pu MVA MVA SLA CK138 MVA

T I M345
1.02 pu RAY138
A A
A
1.03 pu
MVA MVA
MVA
TI M138 33 MW A

1.01 pu 1.03 pu
13 Mvar MVA
16.0 Mvar 18 MW
A 1.02 pu RA Y69
A 5 Mvar 37 MW
MVA
A
17 MW A
MVA
PA I 69 13 Mvar
1.01 pu MVA 3 Mvar MVA
1.02 pu TI M69
A 1.01 pu GROSS69 A

23 MW
MVA
MVA
FERNA 69
7 Mvar A
1.01 pu WOLEN69
A A
12 MW
MVA
HI SKY69 3 Mvar
MVA MVA
PET E69 A
A
4.9 Mvar
MORO138 58 MW A MVA

39 MW MVA
40 Mvar 1.01 pu MVA
13 Mvar 1.00 pu BOB138 A
12 MW HA NNAH69 28.9 Mvar DEMA R69 A A
5 Mvar 60 MW
MVA

MVA MVA
19 Mvar
1.00 pu 20 MW
1.00 pu
A
1.02 pu BOB69
12 Mvar
0.90 pu 11.6 Mvar UI UC69 MVA
1.00 pu
12.8 Mvar 124 MW 56 MW
KYLE69 A A

45 Mvar
A
MVA MVA 13 Mvar LYNN138
16 MW
MVA
A -14 Mvar
25 MW A A
MVA 14 MW
36 Mvar BLT138
AMA NDA69
MVA
1.00 pu MVA 4 Mvar
A 0.90 pu A A

110% 25 MW MVA
MVA SHI MKO69 1.02 pu
MVA A
HOMER69 10 Mvar 1.01 pu A
7.3 Mvar
BLT69 MVA
A
1.01 pu MVA
A
15 MW
135%
MVA
20 MW
HA LE69 55 MW 5 Mvar
3 Mvar MVA
A

32 Mvar A

0.94 pu MVA
MVA
A
36 MW A
1.01 pu
A
60 MW MVA 10 Mvar 7.2 Mvar MVA
A
A

MVA
12 Mvar
1.00 pu 1.00 pu PA T TEN69 MVA

0.0 Mvar A
MVA

45 MW 14 MW ROGER69
MVA
1.00 pu WEBER69 0 Mvar
LA UF69 2 Mvar
1.01 pu
23 MW
A 22 MW 10 MW
A
6 Mvar 14 MW A

20 MW
MVA
80% 15 Mvar 5 Mvar
3 Mvar MVA
40 Mvar MVA
1.02 pu J O138 J O345
LA UF138 1.01 pu SAVOY69 38 MW
0.99 pu
9 Mvar
1.00 pu BUCKY138 A

A MVA A

150 MW
MVA 1.01 pu SAVOY138 MVA
A A
4 Mvar
MVA MVA

150 MW
A
4 Mvar
MVA
1.03 pu
1.02 pu A

MVA

Opening one line (Tim69-Hannah69) causes an overload. This would

not be allowed (i.e., we can’t operate this way when line is in.
Contingency Analysis

Contingency
analysis provides
an automatic
way of looking
at all the
statistically
likely
contingencies. In
this example the
contingency set
Is all the single
line/transformer
outages
 Generation Changes and
The Slack Bus
• The power flow is a steady-state analysis tool, so the
assumption is total load plus losses is always equal to
total generation
• Generation mismatch is made up at the slack bus
• When doing generation change power flow studies one
always needs to be cognizant of where the generation is
being made up
• Common options include system slack, distributed across
multiple generators by participation factors or by economics
Generation Change Example 1
A
SLA CK34 5
MVA
A

MVA

1 62 MW
0 .00 pu RA Y34 5
slack
3 5 Mvar
A A A

0 .00 pu MVA MVA SLA CK138 MVA

TI M34 5
-0.0 1 pu RA Y13 8
A
A
A
0.0 0 pu
MVA
MVA
TI M13 8 A MVA
0.0 0 pu 0 MW
0.0 0 pu
0 Mvar MVA
A
A
-0 .1 Mvar 0 MW
-0 .01 pu RA Y69
MVA 0 Mvar 0 MW
MVA
A
0 MW A

0 .00 pu TI M69 PA I 69 0 Mvar

0 .00 pu MVA 0 Mvar MVA
A

0 MW 0.0 0 pu GROSS69 A
A
MVA
0 Mvar
A
MVA
FERNA 6 9
MVA 0.0 0 pu WOLEN6 9
A 0 MW
MORO1 38 MVA
HI SKY69 0 Mvar
MVA
A
A
-0.1 Mvar
0 MW A MVA
MVA
0 Mvar 0 MW -0.01 pu
MVA
0 Mvar A
-0.03 pu BOB1 38
PETE6 9 A

MVA DEMA R6 9 A A
0.0 0 pu MVA
HA NNA H6 9 0 MW
MVA MVA
0 MW 0 Mvar
0 MW A
0 Mvar 0.0 0 pu BOB69
0 Mvar
-0.2 Mvar MVA
UI UC69 0.0 0 pu
-0.1 Mvar
0 .00 pu A -157 MW 0 MW
-0 .1 Mvar
-45 Mvar
A
MVA 0 Mvar LYNN13 8
A
0 MW
MVA
A 0 Mvar
MVA
A
MVA 0 MW A
0 MW
-0.0 02 pu BLT1 38
0 Mvar MVA -0.0 3 pu MVA 0 Mvar
0.00 pu A MA NDA 69 A
A

A
MVA SHI MKO69 0.0 0 pu
HOMER69 0 MW A
MVA
MVA
0.0 Mvar
0 Mvar 0.0 0 pu A

BLT 69 MVA
A -0.0 1 pu MVA

0 MW A
MVA
0 MW
0 Mvar HA LE6 9 A 0 MW 0 Mvar
MVA A
0 .00 pu 51 Mvar
MVA
MVA
A
A
0 MW A
0.0 0 pu
0 MW MVA 0 Mvar 0 .0 Mvar MVA A
A

MVA
0 Mvar
0 .00 pu 0 .00 pu PA TTEN69 MVA

0.0 Mvar A
MVA

0 MW 0 MW ROGER69
MVA
0.0 0 pu WEBER69 0 Mvar
LA UF69 0 Mvar
0 .00 pu
0 MW
0 MW 0 MW
A A
0 Mvar 0 MW A

0 MW 0 Mvar 0 Mvar
0 Mvar
4 Mvar MVA MVA MVA

0.0 0 pu J O13 8 J O34 5

LA UF13 8 0.0 0 pu SA VOY69 0 MW
0.0 0 pu
3 Mvar
0 .00 pu BUCKY13 8 A

A MVA A

0 MW
MVA 0 .00 pu SA VOY138 MVA
A A
2 Mvar
MVA MVA

0 MW
A
2 Mvar
MVA
0.00 pu
0 .00 pu A

MVA

Display shows “Difference Flows” between original 37 bus case,

and case with a BLT138 generation outage;
note all the power change is picked up at the slack
Generation Change Example 2
A
SLA CK34 5
MVA
A

MVA

0 MW
0 .00 pu RA Y34 5
slack
3 7 Mvar
A A A

0 .00 pu MVA MVA SLA CK138 MVA

TI M34 5
-0.0 1 pu RA Y13 8
A
A
A
0.0 0 pu
MVA
MVA
TI M13 8 A MVA
0.0 0 pu 0 MW
0.0 0 pu
0 Mvar MVA
A
A
-0 .1 Mvar 0 MW
0.0 0 pu RA Y69
MVA 0 Mvar 0 MW
MVA
A
0 MW A

0 .00 pu TI M69 PA I 69 0 Mvar

0 .00 pu MVA 0 Mvar MVA
A

0 MW 0.0 0 pu GROSS69 A
A
MVA
0 Mvar
A
MVA
FERNA 6 9
MVA 0.0 0 pu WOLEN6 9
A 0 MW
MORO1 38 MVA
HI SKY69 0 Mvar
MVA
A
A
0 .0 Mvar
0 MW A MVA
MVA
0 Mvar 0 MW 0.00 pu
MVA
0 Mvar A
-0.03 pu BOB1 38
PETE6 9 A

MVA DEMA R6 9 A A
0.0 0 pu MVA
HA NNA H6 9 0 MW
MVA MVA
0 MW 0 Mvar
0 MW A
0 Mvar 0.0 0 pu BOB69
0 Mvar
-0.2 Mvar MVA
UI UC69 0.0 0 pu
-0.1 Mvar
0 .00 pu A -157 MW 0 MW
-0 .1 Mvar
-45 Mvar
A
MVA 0 Mvar LYNN13 8
A
0 MW
MVA
A 0 Mvar
MVA
A
MVA 0 MW A
0 MW
-0.0 03 pu BLT1 38
0 Mvar MVA -0.0 3 pu MVA 0 Mvar
0.00 pu A MA NDA 69 A
A

A
MVA SHI MKO69 0.0 0 pu
HOMER69 0 MW A
MVA
MVA
-0 .1 Mvar
0 Mvar -0 .01 pu A

BLT 69 MVA
A -0.0 1 pu MVA

0 MW A
MVA
0 MW
0 Mvar HA LE6 9 A 19 MW 0 Mvar
MVA A
0 .00 pu 51 Mvar
MVA
MVA
A
A
0 MW A
0.0 0 pu
0 MW MVA 0 Mvar 0 .0 Mvar MVA A
A

MVA
0 Mvar
0 .00 pu 0 .00 pu PA TTEN69 MVA

0.0 Mvar A
MVA

0 MW 0 MW ROGER69
MVA
0.0 0 pu WEBER69 0 Mvar
LA UF69 0 Mvar
0 .00 pu
0 MW
0 MW 0 MW
A A
0 Mvar 0 MW A

99 MW 0 Mvar 0 Mvar
0 Mvar
-20 Mvar MVA MVA MVA

0.0 0 pu J O13 8 J O34 5

LA UF13 8 0.0 0 pu SA VOY69 42 MW
0.0 0 pu
-14 Mvar
0 .00 pu BUCKY13 8 A

A MVA A

0 MW
MVA 0 .00 pu SA VOY138 MVA
A A
0 Mvar
MVA MVA

0 MW
A
0 Mvar
MVA
0.00 pu
0 .00 pu A

MVA

Display repeats previous case except now the change in

generation is picked up by other generators using a
participation factor approach
Siting New Wind Generation
Example
A

MVA

1.02 pu RAY345
slack

System Losses: 8.73 MW A A A

1.02 pu MVA MVA SLACK138 MVA

TIM345
1.01 pu RAY138
A A
A
1.03 pu
MVA MVA
MVA
TIM138 A

1.00 pu 1.02 pu
MVA

A
A 1.02 pu RAY69
A A
MVA
MVA
PAI69
1.01 pu MVA
1.02 pu TIM69 MVA

A 1.01 pu GROSS69 A

MVA MVA
FERNA69
A
1.00 pu
A
12 MW
A MVA
HISKY69 3 Mvar
MVA MVA
PETE69
A A

MORO138 MVA MVA

1.01 pu
0.99 pu BOB138 A
12 MW HANNAH69 DEMAR69 A A
5 Mvar MVA

MVA MVA

1.00 pu
Wind69 1.00 pu 20 MW A
1.01 pu BOB69
12 Mvar
1.00 pu UIUC69 MVA
1.00 pu
0 MW 56 MW
50 MW A

MVA
A

MVA
0 Mvar
13 Mvar
A

A A
MVA
BLT138
AMAN DA69
-2 Mvar
MVA
0.99 pu MVA

A
1.00 pu A A

MVA MVA
MVA SHIMKO69
HOMER69 1.00 pu A

BLT69
A
1.01 pu MVA

A
MVA

MVA HALE69 A
A

1.01 pu MVA
MVA

A
A A
1.01 pu
MVA MVA
A
MVA
1.00 pu 1.00 pu PATTEN69 MVA
A

14 MW ROGER69
MVA
1.01 pu WEBER69
LAUF69 2 Mvar
1.02 pu
A A A

MVA MVA MVA