MICRO AIR VEHICLES

MOHAMED RINJU P M
S7M2
ROLL NO:27209
WHAT ARE MAVS(AVS)?
Multi functional, militarily capable, small
flight vehicles.
size should be less than15cms.
Reynolds no < 10^5.
For a Primarily intended and developed for
defence applications.
WHY MAVS? WHY NOT
SOMETHING BIGGER?
Keeps security personnel out of harms by
providing situational awareness right down
to platoon level.
Direct connectivity
Can be individually controlled
Can be used for a wide range of new
missions _ (even unthought before)


APPLICATIONS

Reconnaissance
Surveillance
Defence applications
Weather forecast
Wildlife study
&photography
Crowd control
Targetting
Border surveillance
Traffic monitoring
Tracking criminals &
illegal activities
Biochemical sensing
Sesmic detection
inspection of pipes
OVER THE HILL
RECONNAISSANCE
MOTHER BIRD APPROACH

MAIN SUB SYSTEMS
1. FLIGHT CONTROL

2. PROPULSION SYSTEM

3. COMMUNICATION SYSTEM

4. GUIDANCE&NAVIGATION
FLIGHT
CONTROL&AERODYNAMICS
Completely different aerodynamics due to low
Reynolds number
Reynolds no:= inertia force/viscous force
Here viscous forces dominate while at high
Reynolds no:s inertia forces dominate
Reynolds no:=c/
Low reynolds no: flights may have lift to drag
ratioof 5 to 10(conventional flights have these
ratios 3 to 4 times higher)






MAV flight regime compared with
existing flight vehicles
Due to small size it needs to have high surface
to volume ratios to generate the required thrust
Aspect ratio=WS/chord length ,or WS/total
wing area
Exact ratio depends upon the total weight
The best aspect ratios usually lie between 1&2
Stability and control issues related to low weight
,small moment of inertia ,wind gusts also needs
to be addressed



<!--[endif]-->
ANGLE OF ATTACK AND WING
DESIGN
Angle of attack shoud be 5-12 for good
endurance.
If angle of attack <5, low aerodynamic efficiency
Endurance=/powerequirement
For optimal endurance the mav shoud fly at7
Hysterisis may occur (lift to drag ratio different
from normalwhen angle of attack differs)
ACTIVE OR PASSIVE CONTROL

Use strategies using MEMS to improve aero
dynamic perfomance
Create &install tiny sensors to dynamically adjust
camber(curvature)and shape depending on
instantaneous conditions
miniature actuators can be used to move the
control surfaces like rudders ailerons and flaps
Flow character over the wings could be
controlled by sensor arrays that detect shear
stresses or fluid vortices
Flexible mebranes or micro flaps to affect the
flow as required
Flow seperation an be mitigated by air sution or
absorption as required,(requires micro valve or
pump),wallheat transfer or electro magnetic force as
required
Exhausted air is directed out of the trailing edge to
prevent flow seperation,which also inreases lift
Micro motors piezoelectricdevices magneto elastic
ribbons are all alternatives for performing the actuator
function in a flight control system
Processing these control systems may require soft
computational techniques like fuzzy logic,neutral
networks,genetical algorithms or knowledge based
systems

WING DESIGN AND
FABRICATION

Rotary wings, fixed wings, or alternate flapping& gliding
wings could be employed
Wing shape could be circular, elliptical, rectangular,
Zimmerman or inverse Zimmerman
Flapping &gliding and inverse Zimmerman proved to be
most efficient
Wing type depends on requirement
Composite materials ,carbon fibre cloth strips, carbon
fibre-balsawood sand witches are commonly used
Single or double layer of carbon fibre cloth wetted with
epoxy resin
Balsa wood for frame and carbon fibre glass cloth for
reinforcing critical areas like leading edges and wing tips
is a super combination


Inflatable wing
Distend (fill) with air or gas

Application in UAV, military

To stow the wings

Can be launched from gun or aircraft

Advantages of aircrafts with
inflatable wings
Can be packed to 1/10 of original size
Low mass
Low power requirements
High reusability
It can be steered, accelerated, and
decelerated in level flight.
High stability and control
High lift and slow landing speed


Experiment on inflatable wing
Experiment conducted
using I 2000
It was launched from
800-1000 feet
Inflatable wings
comes out in 1\3 sec
Successfully
controlled the
launch,flight and
landing

Controlling of wing
by using piezoelectric
material
actuator can be quartz and substrate can
be aluminum or steel

inflatable wings has smooth surface so
low value of skin friction

PROPULSION SYSTEM

Propulsion system alone consumes 90% of total
power
Lithium alkaline batteries
IC engines
Pulse jet engines
Micro jets
Reciprocating chemical muscle
Self consuming system
Lithium battery that recharges using solar
energy and fuel cells are also future prospects

COMMUNICATION SYSTEM

A video/still camera, various sensors ,a micro
processor, transducers& an omni directional
antennae are the major components
Challenges are small antennae, restriction of
power available
Based on the application either cellular
communication or satellite communication could
be employed.
CCD cameras and IR sensors, nuclear, biological
or chemical agent sensors, acoustic sensors
could be used.
GUIDANCE AND NAVIGATION
Completely autonomous navigation system needs to
have the ability to use sensory data for on board
processing thus avoiding obstacles. (complete
dependence on remote is undesirable)
A combination of GPS+inertial sensing is ideal
Geographical information system to provide a map
terrain for infrastructure would be great
Pressure sensors acting as altimeters, accelerometers,
low drift gyroscopes and also systems capable of
locating the mav s position with respect to the launch
point form a part of the inertial navigation system




MAV SYSTEM INTEGRATION
CONCLUSION
Micro Air Vehicles are a class of UAVs whose time has just about come. A
confluence of key events is about to occur that will enable these versatile
aircraft to have military effects disproportionate to their diminutive size. The
supporting technologies are progressing rapidly to the point that first
simple, short-duration missions will be possible, then with time, more varied
and enduring applications. At the same time, the need for weapons that
help achieve the Joint Chief of Staff vision for dominant maneuvering
precision engagement, full dimensional protection, and focused logistics will
be more pressing than ever. The military utility of MAVs in this context can
only grow as they come closer to realizing their potential. At the start,
microairvehicles could find application by providing localized imaging
reconnaissance. Then as other key technologies mature, uses may expand
to electronic warfare, nuclear, biological, and chemical agent warning, and
battle damage assessment. Later still, we could see MAVs autonomously
flying through air shafts reconnoitering deeply buried bunkers and reporting
back to enable proper configuration of penetrating weapons. MAVs might
then proliferate throughout the force structure becoming as much an
arrow in the quiver of the foot soldier as another round on the hardpoint of
a fighters wing.
REFERENCES
Research paper Death by a thousand cutsmicro air vehicles in the service of air force missions-
by ARTHUR F HUBER,II LT COL USAF
http://mil.ufl.edu/~nechyba
2. Davis, W.R., "Micro UAV," Presentation to 23rd Annual AUVSI Symposium, 15-19 July, 1996.

Research paper by James M. McMichael Program Manager Defense Advanced Research
Projects Agency
and
Col. Michael S. Francis, USAF (Ret.) formerly of Defense Airborne Reconnaissance
Office
MICRO AERIAL VEHICLE DEVELOPMENT: DESIGN, COMPONENTS, FABRICATION,
AND FLIGHT-TESTING
Research paper by Gabriel Torres and Thomas J. Mueller
117 Hessert Center, University of Notre Dame
Notre Dame, IN 46556
DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF A MICRO AIR VEHICLE
CONCEPT: PROJECT BIDULE
Mr T. Spoerry1, Dr K.C. Wong
School of Aerospace, Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering
University of Sydney
NSW 2006



Aerodynamics for engineers:-John J. Bertin
Mechanics of flight :-A.C Kermode
Inflatable wing on aircraft article :-new scientist june 2001
www. nasa explores. COM\aerodynamics\inflatable wing
Miller, Jay,, The X-Planes, Aero fax, Arlington, Texas, 1988
morphing of inflatable wing for UAV David Cardigan* and Tim
Smith
ILC Dover, Frederica, DE 19946
Innovative Wing Design Could Soar in Martian Skies by
benianntova
Inflatable wing for high lift john H gleen research centre Ohio
www.nastech.com/mechtech
www.spaceref.com/newtech
www.nasa.gov/aerodynamics
www.nasa.gov/multimeadia

BACK REFERENCES

Mueller, T. J., "Low Reynolds Number Vehicles", AGARDograph No. 288, 1985
Lissaman, P. B. S., "Low-Reynolds-Number Airfoils", Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics, Vol. 15, 1983, pp. 223-239
Burgart, M., Miller, J., and Murphy, L., "Design of a Micro Air Vehicle for the 2000 MAV Competition", internal progress report,
University of Notre Dame, 2000
ernet, 14 December 2000, available from http://defence-data.com/f2000/
pagefa1006.htm.
Air Force 2A New Thrust in DERA Micro Air Vehicle Development, 24 July 2000, n.p.: On-line.
Int 025, August 1996, n.p.; On-line. Internet, 18 December 2000, available from
http://www.au.af.mil/au/2025/index2.htm.
Air Force Doctrine Document (AFDD) 1, Air Force Basic Doctrine, September 1997.
Air Force Scientific Advisory Board, New World Vistas Air and Space Power for the 21st
Century Summary Volume, 1995, n.p.; On-line. Internet, 4 December 2000, available
from http://www.sab.hq.af.mil/Archives/1995/NWV/vistas.htm.
Ashley, Steven, Palm-size Spy Plane, Mechanical Engineering, February 1998, n.p.;
On-line. Internet, 16 November 2000, available at http://www.memagazine.org/
backissues/february98/features/palmsize/palmsize.html.
Ashley, Steven, Turbines on a Dime, Mechanical Engineering, October 1997, n.p.; On-
line. Internet, 16 November 2000, available at http://www.memagazine.org/
backissues/october97/features/turbdime/ turbdime.html.
Barrows, Geoffrey L., Optic Flow Sensors for MAV Navigation, Proceedings of the
Conference on Fixed, Flapping and Rotary Vehicles at Very Low Reynolds Numbers,
5-7 June 2000, University of Notre Dame, ed. Thomas J. Mueller, 13 pages.
Brendley, Keith W. and Randall Steeb, Military Applications of Microelectromechanical
Systems, RAND Report MR-175-OSD/AF/A. Santa Monica, CA: RAND, 1993.
Carroll, Bruce, MEMS for Micro Air Vehicles, Project Summaries, n.p.; On-line.
Internet, 24 August 2000, available from http://www.darpa.mil/MTO/MEMS/
Projects/individual_66.html.
Carroll, S., US Navy, DARPA Develop IMINT/EW Payloads for Mini-UAVs, Journal
of Electronic Defense 21, no. 9 (September 1998): 30-32.
Chandler, Jerome Greer, Micro Planes, Popular Science 252, no. 1 (January 1998): 54-
59.