Contents Summary of Handover(HO) HO Algorithm Flow HO Data Configuration HO Signaling Flow Summary of HO
Purpose of HO Classification of HO Summary of HO Summary of HOPurpose of HO Purpose of HO To keep moving MS continuous communication To improve network service performance To reduce the call drop rate To reduce the congestion rate
Classification of HO: according to different HO triggering conditions
1.Emergency HO TA Emergency HO Bad quality(BQ) Emergency HO Rapid signal drop(RSD) Emergency HO Interference Emergency HO 2.Load HO 3.Normal HO Margin HO Hierarchical HO PBGT HO 4.Speed-sensitive HO (Fast moving HO) 5.Over-layer/under-layer HO
Summary of HOClassification of HO Summary of HOClassification of HO Classification of HOsynchronization HO asynchronism HO Difference In the process of asynchronism HO,system transmit physical message to MS,but in the process of synchronization HO not the message
HO Algorithm Flow HO Algorithm Flow General HO flow Measurement report preprocessing Penalty processing Basic sequencing of cells and adjustment of network characteristics HO judgement General Flow of HO Algorithm M.R. preprocess penalty processing Basicsequencing Adjustment of network characteristics HOjudgement TAemergencyHO BQemergencyHO RSDemergency HO Interf. emergencyHO LoadHO MarginHO Hierarchical HO PBGTHO Call control program OM forcedHO Direct retry Over-layer/under-layer HO Fast movingHO HO Algorithm Flow HO algorithm flow General HO flow Measurement report preprocessing Penalty processing Basic sequencing of cells and adjustment of network characteristics HO judgment Measurement Report Preprocessing
Serving cell Neighbour cell The downlink measurement report of the neighbour cell (BCCH) The downlink measurement report of the serving cell The uplink measurement report of MS MeasurementReport(MR)----Includingtwoparts:theuplinkmeasurementreportand thedownlinkmeasurementreport Uplink:themeasurementreportisobtained fromBTSoftheservingcell, andincludestheuplinkreceivingsignal level (ULRxLev) andtheuplinkreceivingsignal quality(ULRxQal)for MS, andBTS_power. Downlink:themeasurementreportisobtainedfromMSandissenttoBTS, andincludes thedownlinkreceivingsignal level (DLRxLev)andthedownlinkreceivingsignal quality (DLRxQal)fortheservingcell, thedownlinkreceivingsignal levelsfortheneighbourcells (NCellRxLev), andMS_power, aswell astheTimeadvance(TA), etc. Measurement Report Preprocessing Measurement Report Preprocessing Period of measurement report The measurement report is sent to BTS in SACCH uplink 1.The interval is 470ms/per time when MS is on SDCCH 2.The interval is 480ms/time when MS is on TCH 12TCH 12TCH 1SACCH 1 idle 480ms 4 TCH multi-frames Measurement Report Preprocessing Missing MR processing Every time BSC receivesa measurement report, there will be a update to the basic sequencing of cells. As BTS may fail to receive the measurement report from MS, so before the sequencing updating, BSC needs to recover the missing measurement report according to Filter Data Table. If the missing MR amount is within the allowed range, then recover the missing MRs according to the algorithm.
How to recover a MR? MR MR MR MR MR Measurement report No. n Measurement report No. n+4 ContinuousMR flow
Measurement Report Preprocessing How to filter the measurement report?
Filter----Average several continuous MR.
MR MR MR MR MR MR Continuous MR flow Measurement Report Preprocessing HO Algorithm Flow General HO flow Measurement report preprocessing Penalty processing Basic sequencing of cells and adjustment of network characteristics HO judgment
HO Algorithm Flow Penalty Processing There are altogether four types of penalty processing 1. Penalty on the target cell when a HO fails. 2. Penalty on the original serving cell when an emergency HO is performed. 3. Penalty on the other non-layer4 cells after a fast moving HO is performed 4. A second HO is prohibited within the penalty time after a over- layer/under-layer HO fails.
Penalty Processing 1. Penalty on the target cell: Punish the target cell where a HO fails to avoid MS to select this cell again in another HO judgment and fail again. BTS HO failure BSC Cell A Cell D BSC gives corresponding signal level penalty on cell D
2. Penalty on the serving cell: Punish the original serving cell after TA\BQ HO, to avoid it to be handed over to the original cell again and cause ping-pang HO. BTS BQ HO BSC Cell A Cell D In cases of HO from cell A to cell D due to poor quality, punishing the original serving cell (cell A) Penalty Processing 3. Give penalty to all non-layer4 neighbor cells after MS is handed over to a layer4 cell(Umbrella cell) by fast moving HO, to keep MS staying in the umbrella cell and avoid frequent HO. Penalty Processing Macro cell Back? No way! Umbrella Micro cell 4. A second over-layer/under-layer HO is prohibited within the penalty time after an over-layer/under-layer HO fails Penalty Processing Under-layer Over-layer No second attempt after a failed HO! HO Algorithm Flow General HO flow Measurement report preprocessing Penalty processing Basic sequencing of cells and adjustment of network characteristics HO judgment HO Algorithm Flow Basic Sequencing of Cells and Adjustment of Network Characteristics Basic sequencing of cells and adjustment of network characteristics are major parts of the HO judgment. Sequencing is made by 16bits algorithm. The serving cell and the candidate neighbor cells will be listed in a cell list according to their 16bits value. The sequencing process includes: M rule K rule 16bits sequencing
I. M judgment: According to the min downlink receiving power and the min receiving level offset of the reported neighbor cell, judge whether the cell is qualified as a candidate neighbor cell to be put into the cell list for handover. M rule: only the cells with receiving signal level satisfy the following conditions can be put into the candidate cell list. For serving cell: RXLEV (o) >MSRXMIN(o) + MAX(0,Pa(o)) For neighbour cell: RXLEV(n) > MSRXMIN(n)+ MAX(0,Pa(n)) + OFFSET Basic Sequencing of Cells and Adjustment of Network Characteristics II. K rule: The cells surviving from M rule, including the serving cells and candidate neighbor cells, are sequenced according to their receiving signal level which is actually a part of 16bits rule. Basic Sequencing of Cells and Adjustment of Network Characteristics
Basic Sequencing of Cells and Adjustment of Network Characteristics III. 16bits rule Both the serving cell and the neighbor cell have their own 16bits value. The smaller the value is, the higher the priority and the position is in the cell list.
The 1st-3rd bits: bit value is decided according to the cell signal level. The value result of max. 6 candidate cells and 1 serving cell according to the level ranges from 000~110, the value for the cell with the strongest signal level is 000. 16 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Basic Sequencing of Cells and Adjustment of Network Characteristics The 4th bit: bit value is decided by inter-cell HO hysteresis. The 4 th bit of the serving cell is always 0, The receiving level of the neighbor cell > The receiving level of the serving cell + Inter-cell HO hysteresis, set to 0. The receiving level of the neighbor cell < The receiving level of the serving cell + Inter-cell HO hysteresis, set to 1. Note: In PBGT HO, if inter-cell hysteresis is larger than PBGT threshold, then inter-cell hysteresis will replace PBGT threshold. 16 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Basic Sequencing of Cells and Adjustment of Network Characteristics
before adding hysteresis after adding hysteresis function of hysteresis the neighbor cell the neighbor cell the serving cell the serving cell
Basic Sequencing of Cells and Adjustment of Network Characteristics The 5th-10th bits: bit value is decided according to their position in Huawei hierarchical network structure. When the signal level of the neighbor cell or the serving cell is lower than the hierarchical HO threshold(hysteresis), shield it and set all bits to 0). Huawei network can be divided into 4 layers and each layer can be further divided into 16 different priorities. So there are 64 different priorities in Huawei hierarchical network.
Basic Sequencing of Cells and Adjustment of Network Characteristics
Basic Sequencing of Cells and Adjustment of Network Characteristics The 11th bit: bit value is decided by cell load
Serving cell: if Load>= Start threshold of load HO, set to 1, otherwise set to 0.
Neighbor cell: if Load>=receive threshold of load HO, set to 1, otherwise set to 0.
Refer to Load HO Data Table for the start threshold and receive threshold of load HO.
16 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Basic Sequencing of Cells and Adjustment of Network Characteristics The 12th and 13th bits: bit value is decided by co-BSC/MSC adjustment Serving cell: always 0 Neighbor cell: if co-BSC/MSC with the serving cell, set 12/13 to 0, otherwise set to 1, 12th bit is for BSC, 13th bit is for MSC.
When the signal level from the neighbor cell or the serving cell is lower than the hierarchical HO threshold( including hysteresis) or co-BSC/MSC adjustment is not allowed, shield them and set 12/13 to 0.
16 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Basic Sequencing of Cells and Adjustment of Network Characteristics The 14th bit: Hierarchical HO threshold adjustment bit
Serving cell: The receiving level >= hierarchical HO threshold - hierarchical HO hysteresis, set to 0. Otherwise set to 1, and meanwhile, the 13 th , 12 th and 10 th 5 th bits are set to 0
Neighbor cell: The receiving level >= hierarchical HO threshold + hierarchical HO hysteresis, set to 0. Otherwise set it to 1, and meanwhile, the 13 th , 12 th and 10 th 5 th bits are set to 0
16 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Basic Sequencing of Cells and Adjustment of Network Characteristics The 15th bit: bit value is decided by cell type
No matter it is a serving cell or a neighbor cell: For an extension cell, set to 1. For a normal cell, set to 0.
The 16th bit: a reserved bit
16 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
HO Algorithm Flow General HO flow Measurement report preprocessing Penalty processing Basic sequencing of cells and adjustment of network characteristics HO judgment HO Algorithm Flow HO J udgment Order Initializing M rule K rule 16bits rule Emergency HO judgment Load HO judgment Normal HO Fast moving HO Hierarchical HO PBGT HO Send HO command Send HO command Send HO command Over-layer/under-layer HO Margin HO Forced HO Direct re-try HO J udgment Types of HO Judgment:
Emergency HO----TA, BQ, Interf. RSD Load HO Normal HO----margin HO, hierarchical HO and PBGT HO Fast moving HO Over-layer/under-layer HO Emergency HO TA HO: TA of the serving cell is bigger than emergency HO TA limit BQ HO: 1. The average value of the uplink quality of the serving cell is bigger than the uplink quality limit of emergency HO 2. The average value of the downlink quality of the serving cell within is bigger than the downlink quality limit of emergency HO Requirements for the target cell (same for the two types of HO): Select the neighbor cells with highest position(lowest 16bits value) except the serving cell. Emergency HO RSD HO: Triggered upon detecting rapid signal drop during the call: Level Time MR1 MR2 MR3 MR4 MR5 MR6 { {{ Requirements for the target cell: the target cell is in the highest position in the cell list.
Emergency HO Interference HO: also classified as emergency HO, and triggered when the receiving level is bigger than a certain value but the receiving quality is worse than the quality threshold of interference HO.
Requirements for the target cell: 1. The target cell is in the near front position, unrequested before the serving cell 2. The signal level of the target cell should be bigger than the hierarchical HO threshold + the hierarchical HO hysteresis If there is no candidate cell other than the serving cell in the cell list, and intra-cell HO is allowed, then start intra-cell HO. Otherwise, no HO is performed. Load HO Load HO To trigger load HO, 3 pre-conditions should be satisfied at the same time: The system signaling flow is less than load HO flow level threshold The load of the cell needing HO is higher than load HO start threshold The load of the cell receiving HO is lower than load HO receive threshold Requirements for the target cell: the receiving level should be bigger than the hierarchical HO threshold + hierarchical HO hysteresis. It should be in the highest position except the serving cell in the cell list. BTS BSC Normal HO Margin HO: 1. The serving cell receiving signal level is already lower than the margin HO threshold 2. Within the margin HO statistics time, for example 5 seconds, the time in which the signal level of the serving cell lower than the margin HO threshold is longer than margin HO continuous time, for example 4 seconds 3. The target cell ranks the highest in the cell list
margin threshold Normal HO Hierarchical HO:
1. hierarchical HO only exists between different layers or different priorities at the same layer, and there is no hierarchical HO between cells from the same layer and with the same priority. 2. The triggering condition is that the signal level of the neighbor cell is higher than the hierarchical HO threshold + hysteresis, while there is no requirement for the level of the serving cell. 3.The neighbor cell ranks higher than the serving cell and has higher priority than the serving cell 4. P/N judgment is satisfied, for example, within 5 seconds, the time that the cell is in the first position of the cell list is longer than 4 seconds. 5. It can only choose one between margin HO and hierachical HO,it is first judging whether triggering margin HO then judging whether triggering hierachical HO. Attention: from low priorityhigh priority, emergency HO, margin HO and hierarchical HO are possible from high prioritylow priority, emergency HO and margin HO are possible, and hierarchical HO is not.
PBGT HO PBGT HO algorithm is based on path loss. PBGT HO algorithm looks for whether there is a neighbor cell with lower path loss and satisfying certain system requirements, and judges whether HO is necessary. PBGT HO brings the following advantages: Solution for problems of cross-cell coverage. Less times of dual band HO. More flexible method for traffic distribution control. Always offer users with the best service currently available. Reduce the overall network interference. Attention: the largest difference between it and other HO algorithms is---- the triggering condition for PBGT is path loss instead of receiving power. To avoid Ping-pang HO, PBGT only happens between cells from the same layer and with the same priority.
PBGT HO Triggering rule of PBGT HO:
The path loss of the neighbor cell is less than the serving cells by certain value which is called the PBGT HO threshold The neighbor cell ranks higher than the serving cell do in the cell list Meeting P/N rule in PBGT HO statistics time
Attention: PBGT is only available for TCH HO.
PBGT HO Fast Moving HO Criteria: Among the statistics cells, if the actual number of cells the MS past fast is equal to or more than fast moving cell actual number, then the MS will be handed over to the neighbor layer 4 cell. Macro cell Over-layer/Under-layer HO Over-layer/under-layer cell: able to realize tight frequency reuse in the under-layer subcell(inner circle) and wide coverage in the over-layer subcell(outer circle) Over-layer/Under-layer HO Over-layer/under-layer cell: division of inner circle and outer circle is decided by MS downlink receiving level and TA value. Summary of HO HO Algorithm Flow HO Data Configuration HO Signaling Flow Major HO parameter configuration HO data lookup process HO Parameter Configuration 1.[HO Control Data Table] 2.[Cell Description Data Table] 3.[Adjacent Cell Relation Table] 4.[Penalty Data Table] 5.[Emergency HO Data Table] 6.[Load HO Data Table] 7.[Normal HO Data Table] 8.[Fast Moving HO Data Table] 9.[Over-layer/under-layer HO Data Table] 1.[HO Control Data Table] -1
HO Parameter Configuration Parameter name Meaning Value range Recommen ded value Allow common BSC/MSC adjustment It means whether the 12 th and 13 th bits acts in the 16bit order. Yes means handover in the same BSC/MSC is preferred. No means that the 12 th and 13 th bits are shielded and set to 0. Yes, No Yes Allow penalty processing It determines whether to punish the destination cell of handover failure, or the original served cell of handover upon too big TA or bad quality. The penalty measures can apply to cells in or out of the same BSC. Yes, No No Allow load handover It determines whether to perform the handover to share traffic load. Load sharing can lower the channel assignment failure ratio caused by cell congestion, so as to make evener allocation of the service in respective cells, and lower the cell congestion ratio, and improve network performance. It only applies in the same BSC or to cells at the same priority, with respect to TCH. Yes, No No Allow fast moving micro cell handover algorithm It determines whether to handle the fast moving MS with the algorithm. This algorithm enables fast moving MS handover to macro cell and lowers times of handover. It is only recommended in special areas (such as a highway), to lower CPU load. This algorithm should only be used in suitable conditions, and usually it is not applied. Yes, No No 1.[HO Control Data Table] -2 Major HO Parameter Configuration Parameter name Meaning Value range Recommended value RXLEV drop HO algorithm allowed It means whether RSD emergency handover algorithm is allowed, handover the MS which receiving signal level is dropping quickly in advance to avoid potential call drop. This algorithm should be applied in suitable conditions, and usually it is not used. To apply the handover algorithm, BSC must have original measurement report. Yes, No No PBGT HO algorithm allowed It means whether PBGT handover algorithm is allowed. PBGT handover algorithm currently is processed on LAPD board. To avoid Ping-pang handover, PBGT handover is only performed between cells at the same layer and with the same priority, and meanwhile it is only triggered on TCH. PBGT handover algorithm can effectively avoid co-frequency or adjacent frequency interference. Yes, No Yes Post-HO PWR pred. Alg. allowed It means after a handover whether MS is to use proper predicted transmitting power to access the new channel. This can reduce system interference and improve service quality (this parameter acts in BSC). Yes, No Yes Major HO Parameter Configuration Parameter name Meaning Value range Recommended value BTS meas. report pre- processing It means whether to perform measurement report preprocessing on BTS. No means preprocessing on BSC, when the two parameters of Send original measurement report and Send BS/MS power level do not act. Yes means decreasing of Abis interface signaling and BSC load, and improvement of network response time performance. The switch determines where to perform power control. When it is set to Yes, power control is performed at BTS side. When it is set to No, power control is performed at BSC side. When setting this parameter, first be clear whether BTS supports the power control algorithm to set or not. Yes, No Yes
1.[HO Control Data Table] -3
Major HO Parameter Configuration Parameter name Meaning Value range Recommended value Transfer original meas. report It means whether to send the original measurement report to BSC after measurement report preprocessing on BTS. When it is set to Yes, BTS sends not only processed measurement report but also original measurement report to BSC. Yes, No No Transfer BS/MS power level It means whether to send BS/MS power level from BTS to BSC. This function is used to view the effect of power control on BTS. Meanwhile, when preprocessing is available, if BS/MS power level is not reported, the uplink and downlink balance measurements will be affected, and handover types such as PBGT handover and over- layer/under-layer handover needing power compensation will be abnormal. Yes, No Yes
1.[HO Control Data Table] -4 Major HO Parameter Configuration Parameter name Meaning Value range Recommended value Pre- processing meas. report frequency It indicates the time interval at which a measurement report is preprocessed at BTS side and sent to BSC the Pre- processing measurement report. This parameter acts only when Measurement report pre-processing is open. For 15:1 link configuration, the report frequency should be as low as once per second due to limited link resource. At this time, for handover needing P/N judgment such as margin handover, inter-level handover, PBGT handover and over-layer/under- layer handover, it is necessary to shorten P/N judgment time, because P/N judgment time is correspondingly twice the number of measurement reports in the program, and when the measurement report frequency is lowered, the actual judgment time of BSC is lengthened. Twice per second, Once per second According to concrete conditions
1.[HO Control Data Table] -5 2.[Cell Description Data Table] -1
Major HO Parameter Configuration Parameter name Meaning Value range Recommended value Layer of the cell Huwei hierarchical network structure is divided into 4 layers. 16 priorities can be set for each layer, which provides enough room of network planning for the operator to adapt to various complex networking environment. Normally, Macro layer is the major 900 layer, Micro layer is the major 1800 layer, Pico is the 900 and 1800 micro cell layer. The smaller layer value, the higher priority. The 1 st ~4 th layers M900: the 3 rd layer M1800: the 2 nd layer Cell priority Each layer may have 16 priorities, used to control the handover priority between cells at the same layer. Usually priorities of cells at the same layer are set the same. For cells at the same layer, the smaller the priority value, the higher the priority. 1~16 priorities 1 Hierarchical handover threshold It affects the value of the 14th bit in the 16bit, and it is also the level requirement on the target cell for interference handover, hierarchical handover and load handover. Then such level should be higher than hierarchical handover threshold + hierarchical handover hysteresis. The hierarchical handover threshold should be set >= Edge handover threshold + Inter-cell handover hysteresis. 0~63dB 25 hierarchical handover hysteresis Works together with the hierarchical handover threshold. 0~63dB 3 Major HO Parameter Configuration Parameter name Meaning Value range Recommended value Speed penalty value It is valid when the fast moving handover algorithm is open. It is the signal level penalty value on the non- layer4 neighbor cells when MS moves fast and is handed over to layer4 cell. The parameter is only valid within the speed penalty time. 0~63dB 30 Speed penalty duration It means that within this time, the penalty on the non- layer4 neighbor cells will be exerted after MS is handed over to layer4 cell by fast moving HO. 0~255 seconds 40 Min downlink power of handover candidate cell This is the min signal level requirement for all candidate cells in M rule. Too low configuration may easily cause call drops, while too high a configuration might turn handover too hard to occur. 0~63db 15
2.[Cell Description Data Table] -2 3.[Adjacent Cell Relation Table] -1 Major HO Parameter Configuration Parameter name Meaning Value range Recommended value Adjacent cell ID The index value of the adjacent cell. Case 1, if the adjacent cell module number is not the outer-BSC cell, then the adjacent cell ID value ranges 0~255. Case 2, if the adjacent cell module number is the outer-BSC cell, then the adjacent cell ID value ranges 0~799. Min access level offset This offset is based on Min downlink power of handover candidate cell. Different offsets can be defined for different adjacent cells, and to enter the candidate cell list, the corresponding adjacent cell receiving signal level must be bigger than the sum of Min downlink power of handover candidate cell and Min. Access level offset. 0~63db 0 Major HO Parameter Configuration Parameter name Meaning Value range Recommended value PBGT handover threshold It means that PBGT handover is performed when the difference between the target cell downlink path loss and the serving cell downlink path loss is bigger than PBGT handover threshold. When PBGT handover is open, and Inter-cell handover hysteresis > PBGT handover threshold (corresponding dB value), Inter-cell handover hysteresis takes place of PBGT handover threshold to act. . PBGT handover threshold also needs to be adjusted according to handover performance statistics result and live network. 0~127,corresp onding to -- 64~63dB It is around 68 in the densely populated downtown, and around 72 on the outskirts. Inter-cell handover hysteresis Handover hysteresis between an adjacent cell and the serving cell at the same layer. It is set to reduce Ping-pang HO. The hysteresis value also needs to be adjusted according to the handover performance statistics result and live network. Flexible configuration of the value can effectively lead handover and traffic between two adjacent cells. 0~63db It is around 4 in the densely populated downtown, and around 8 on the outskirts.
3.[Adjacent Cell Relation Table] -2 Major HO Parameter Configuration
4.[Penalty Data Table] -1 Parameter name Meaning Value range Recommended value HO failure cell strenth penalty The signal level value in dB, to punish the target cell which has caused a HO failure due to problems such as congestion , to prevent MS from a handover re-attempt to that cell again. This value is only valid within the penalty time for handover failure. 0~63db 30 HO failure penalty duration Penalty time on the corresponding target cell after handover failure 0~60 seconds 10 BQ HO strength penalty The signal level penalty value for the original serving cell, to avoid Ping-pang handover after emergency handover upon bad quality. It is only valid within the penalty time for BQ HO. 0~63db 63 BQ HO penalty duration Penalty time for the original serving cell after BQ HO. 0~60 seconds 10 Major HO Parameter Configuration
4.[Penalty Data Table] -2 Parameter name Meaning Value range Recommended value TA HO strength penalty The signal strength penalty value for the original serving cell, to avoid Ping-pang handover after TA emergency handover, it is only valid within the penalty time for TA handover. 0~63db 63 TA HO penalty duration Penalty time for the original serving cell after TA emergency handover. 0~60Seconds 10 Under- layer/over- layer HO penalty duration After a under-layer/overlayer handover failure (big circle hands over to small circle or vice versa), within certain time (this parameter configuration value) under-layer/over-layer handover is forbidden for the same call. 0~16Seconds 10 Major HO Parameter Configuration
5.[Emergency HO Data Table] -1 Parameter name Meaning Value range Recommended value Emergency TA HO threshold When TAthis value, emergency handover is triggered 0~63 bit period 63 Emergency HO DL qual. threshold The downlink receiving quality threshold for BQ emergency handover. When frequency hopping or DTX is open, RQ becomes worse (normal phenomenon), this value should be set to 70. The adjustment should also base on the current network quality and handover statistics. When triggering emergency handover, the first to select is the inter-cell handover, the intra-cell handover is only triggered when there is no candidate cell and the intra-cell handover is allowed in the serving cell. 0~70, corresponding to BQ levels of 0~7 60 Emergency HO UL qual. threshold The uplink receiving quality threshold for BQ emergency HO. corresponding to BQ levels of 0~7 60 Major HO Parameter Configuration
5.[Emergency HO Data Table] -2 Parameter name Meaning Value range Recommended value Interf. HO UL quality threshold Uplink receiving quality threshold in the serving cell for interference handover. When frequency hopping or DTX is open, RQ becomes worse (normal phenomenon), this value should be set to 60. The adjustment should also base on the current network quality and handover statistics. When triggering interference handover. If the serving cell is in the first position and intra-cell handover is permitted, perform intra-cell handover. Otherwise select the second candidate cell to perform inter-cell handover. corresponding to BQ levels of 0~7 50, interference quality threshold must be better than the emergency quality threshold Interf. HO DL quality threshold Downlink receiving quality threshold in the serving cell for interference handover. 0~70, corresponding to BQ levels of 0~7 50 Major HO Parameter Configuration
5.[Emergency HO Data Table] -3 Paramete r name Meaning Value range Recommended value Interf. HO UL Rx PWR threshold Min uplink receiving power threshold from the serving cell required for interf. HO, when interference handover is triggered if the uplink quality is worse than quality threshold and at this time the uplink signal level is higher than the signal threshold. When triggering interference handover, If the serving cell is in the first position in the cell list, and opens intra-cell handover, then start intra-cell HO. Otherwise select the second cell to perform intr-cell HO. 0~63db 25 Interf. HO DL Rx PWR threshold Min downlink receiving power threshold from the serving cell required for interf. HO. 0~63db 30 Major HO Parameter Configuration
5.[Emergency HO Data Table] -4 Parameter name Meaning Value range Recommended value Filter parameters A1~A8 Used for configuration of filter for rapid signal drop judgment, and together with filter parameter B, they are 9 parameters for a filter. The corresponding formula is (in the program, A1~A8 is configuration value minus 10 and B is the negative configuration value): C1(nt)=A1C(nt)+A2C(nt-t)+A3C(nt 2t)+ +A8C(nt-7t) Where, C (nt) is the receiving signal level in the uplink measurement report of the serving cell sent at the time of nt. If C1 (nt) < B, and C (nt) is below the edge handover threshold, then the signal level is considered to be of rapid drop. 0~20 10 Filter parameter B Used for configuration of filter for rapid signal drop judgment. Please refer to the explanation for A1~A8 of filter. 0~255 0 Major HO Parameter Configuration
6.[Load HO Data Table] -1 Parameter name Meaning Value range Recommended value Load HO flow level threshold The pre-condition for load HO is that the system flow (signaling flow) is lower the threshold. This value can not be set too high because load handover upon max threshold may cause unexpected effect to the system. 0, 8~11 system flow levels, corresponding to 0, 70, 80, 90 and 95. 10 Load HO start threshold Load handover is triggered when the serving cell load is higher than the threshold, i.e. TCH occupied in the cell has reaching the corresponding percentage. 0~7 cell load levels, corresponding to 0, 50, 60, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90 5 Load HO Rx threshold The Load threshold for the target cells that can accept users from serving cell in load HO, i.e. when the TCHs under Idle mode in the neighbor cell is lower than the corresponding percentage, the cell refuses to accept MSs from serving cell handed over due to the load reason. 0~7, corresponding to 0, 50, 60, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90 2 Major HO Parameter Configuration
6.[Load HO Data Table] -2 Parameter name Meaning Value range Recommended value Load handover bandwidth This configuration is related to the margin handover threshold. Load handover is only allowed when the MS receiving level from the serving cell is within the range of margin handover threshold, margin handover threshold + load handover bandwidth. 0~63db 25 Graded load HO cycle When a cell is up to conditions for load handover, all calls within the serving cell will send handover request at the same time, this will cause abrupt increase on processor load, and under certain conditions this will cause the target cell congestion and result in call drops. Thereby, step by step load handover algorithm is used to control handover. The cycle is the time needed for handovers of each step. 1~60 seconds 10 Graded load HO cycle The whold load HO bandwidth will be divided into several subbands by this parameter. 1~63db 5 Major HO Parameter Configuration
7.[Normal HO Data Table] -1 Parameter name Meaning Value range Recommended value Margin HO uplink threshold During the statistics time, if the time in which the uplink receiving level is lower than the value is higher than certain time called continuous time, margin handover will be performed. If PBGT handover is open, corresponding margin handover threshold will be set lower. 0~63db 25 (without PBGT handover, downtown), 15 (single station on outskirts), 15 (with PBGT handover, downtown) Margin HO downlink threshold Downlink consideration for margin HO. 63db 30 (without PBGT handover, downtown), 20 (single station on outskirts), 20 (with PBGT handover, downtown) Major HO Parameter Configuration
7.[Normal HO Data Table] -2 Parameter name Meaning Value range Recommended value Margin handover statistics time It means that within the time statistics, if the time in which the signal level is lower than threshold is higher than the continuous time, then margin HO is to be triggered. 1~16 seconds 5 Margin handover continuous time See the above. 1~16 seconds 4 Major HO Parameter Configuration
7.[Normal HO Data Table] -3 Parameter name Meaning Value range Recommended value PBGT handover statistics time Statistics time for PBGT HO signal level judgment. 1~16 seconds 5 PBGT handover continuous time Continuous time for PBGT HO signal level judgment. 1~16 seconds 4 Major HO Parameter Configuration
7.[Normal HO Data Table] -4 Parameter name Meaning Value range Recommended value Hierarchical handover statistics time Statistics time for Hierarchical HO judgment 1~16 seconds 5 Hierarchical handover continuous time Continuous time for Hierarchical HO judgment. 1~16 seconds 4 Major HO Parameter Configuration
8.[Fast Moving HO Data Table] Parameter name Meaning Value range Recommended value Fast moving cell meas. number The cell sum P for judge whether MS is fast moving. The value, if too large, may cause abrupt increase of system flow, while too small value may cause inaccurate judgment for fast moving MS. 1~10 3 Fast moving cell actual number The cell sum N by which MS actually quickly passes. If within P cells that MS continuously past, the number of cells by which the MS is judged to pass quickly is equal to or more than N, then the MS will be judged as a fast moving MS. 1~10 2 Fast moving time threshold The time threshold (2r/v) determined by the cell radius (r) and moving speed (v). If the time in which MS passes the cell is smaller than the threshold, then MS is judged to quickly pass the cell. 0~255 seconds 15 Major HO Parameter Configuration
9.[Over-layer/under-layer HO Data Table] -1 Parameter name Meaning Value range Recommended value U/O intensity difference BTS transmitting Power difference between inner circle and outer circle may cause MS receiving signal intensity difference in inner circle and outer circle. The parameter indicates power compensation value for the inner circle, and it is usually antenna output power difference in dB between inner circle and outer circle. According to field measurement, multi-point measurement is necessary if the inner circle and outer circle use different antenna. 0~63db Set according to actual conditions Major HO Parameter Configuration
9.[Over-layer/under-layer HO Data Table] -2 Parameter name Meaning Value range Recommended value Rx level threshold Rx level hysteresis, TA threshold and TA hysteresis land this threshold jointly define inner circle area and outer circle area. It must be bigger than margin handover threshold, and the recommended value is: margin handover threshold + signal intensity difference between inner circle and outer circle. 0~63db 25 Rx level hysteresis Works with Rx threshold. 0~63db 5 TA threshold It must be bigger than TA emergency handover threshold. 0~63 bit period, with 1 bit period corresponding to 0.55km TA hysteresis Works with TA threshold. 0~63 bit period Major HO Parameter Configuration
9.[Over-layer/under-layer HO Data Table] -3 Parameter name Meaning Value range Recommended value U/O handover statistics time P/N judgment statistics time for U/O HO judgment. 0~16 seconds 5 U/O handover continuous time P/N judgment continuous time for U/O HO judgment. 0~16 seconds 4 Major HO Parameter Configuration
9.[Over-layer/under-layer HO Data Table] -4 Parameter name Meaning Value range Recommended value Assign optimum layer In U/O cells, the following selection are available for TCH assignment: (1) The system judges according to the measurement report on SDCCH and assign to the best cell. (2) Select the outer circle first for TCH assignment. (3) Select the inner circle first for TCH assignment. (4) Do not give extra priority. System optimization, over-layer subcell, under-layer subcell, no preferential System optimization Assign- optimum level threshold If system optimization is selected, estimate (interpolate, filter) current SDCCH level value through uplink measurement value in the former SDCCH measurement report, and compare with Assign-optimum Level threshold, so as to assign outer or inner circle channel. If SDCCH is in the outer circle: margin handover threshold + signal intensity difference between inner circle and outer circle + uplink and downlink balance allowance + SDCCH and TCH difference allowance. If SDCCH is in the inner circle: margin handover threshold + uplink and downlink balance allowance + SDCCH and TCH difference allowance, for the time being. 25 is recommended for the time being. 0~63dbm Major HO Parameter Configuration
9.[Over-layer/under-layer HO Data Table] -5 Parameter name Meaning Value range Recommended value Intra-BSC intercell HO optimum algorithm When the cell is configured into a U/O cell, there are two processing methods for incoming handover request in BSC: (1) No special processing for channel assignment. (2) Add BCCH signal level value of the target cell in inter-cell handover request message to BSC to make BSC allocate optimum channel for MS from inner cell or outer cell. Yes, No Yes Incoming BSC HO optimum layer If there is a incoming BSC HO, and the target cell is a U/O cell, then, this parameter will show which layer is prefered to provide service fro the MS. Outer circle, inner circle, none None HO Data Configuration
Major HO data configuration HO data lookup process
1.[HO Control Data Table] 2.[Cell Description Data Table 3.[Adjacent cell Relation Table] 4.[Penalty Data Table] 5.[Emergency HO Data Table] 6.[Load HO Data Table] 7.[Normal HO Data Table] 8.[Fast Moving HO Data Table] 9.[Over-layer/under-layer HO Data Table] 1.BA2 table defines BCCH carriers of all defined neighbor cells, and they are sent to MS by system message 5 on SACCH. 2.MS reports BCCH carriers,BSICs and signal levels of the max. 6 neighbor cells which have highest signal levels out of all the defined neighbor cells, and of the serving cell to BSS (through measurement reports) 3.After pre-processing of measurement reports, BSC ascertains module numbers, cell number and CGI of all neighbor cells through Adjacent cell Relation Table and Cell Description Data Table (or Outer Cell Description Data Table) by the aid of BCCH carrier and BSIC. 4.BSC performs HO judgment processes such as basic sequencing of cells (completed in LAPD board),and it sends HO request messages carrying target cell CGI to MPU of BSC once finds suitable target.Then according to CGI, MPU ascertains the module number of the cell in Cell Module Information Table. 5.MPU sends a HO request message to the module and counts Outgoing HO request one time.
The process to Look for HO Data Summary of HO HO Algorithm Flow HO Data Configuration HO Signaling Flow
HO Signaling Flow HO in BSC HO in MSC HO between MSCs HO in BSC Signaling Flow Precautions For the asynchronous HO, if MS still could not access the new channel after the target cell sends PHY INFO up to max times, the target cell reports CONN FAIL IND to BSC, with the reason: HO access failure. After receiving the message, BSC starts the release flow for the new channel in the target cell .
Attention: Max resending times of physical information*Radio link connection timer > Time interval of EST IND~HO DETECT (120~180ms), to make full use of the physical information in case the link is unstable. HO in BSC Statistics counter points MS BTS(Source) BSC BTS(Target) MSC Measurement Report Measurement Report T09++ Handover algorithm judges outgoing handover request (incoming handover request reaches) T12++ Channel Activation Channel Activation ACK Handover Command (Old FACCH) Handover Access (New FACCH) Handover Complete (New FACCH) T10++ T13++ RF Channel Release Handover Performed Incoming handover request times in BSC Outgoing handover request times in BSC Successful outgoing handover times In BSC Successful incoming handover times In BSC HO in BSC HO formula HO success rate in BSC= *100%
Times of success inter-cell HO in BSC Times of inter-cell HO request in BSC Wireless HO success rate in BSC Wireless HO success rate >= HO success rate HO in BSC Times of success inter-cell HO in BSC *100% Times of inter-cell HO in BSC HO in MSC HO Signaling Flow HO in BSC HO in MSC HO between MSCs S i g n a l i n g
F l o w
HO in MSC Channel Release Flow HO in MSC MS BTS(Source) BSC MSC BSC BTS(Target) Measurement Report Measurement Report Handover Required T17++ Handover Request T14++ Channel ACT Channel ACT ACK Handover Request ACK Handover Command Handover Access Handover Detect Handover Complete Handover Complete T15++ Clear Command (HO successful) T18++ RF Channel Release Clear Complete Times of outgoing handover request between BSCs Times of incoming handover request between BSCs Times of successful incoming handover between BSCs Times of successful outgoing handover between BSCs S t a t i s t i c s
c o u n t e r s
o f
H O
i n
M S C
HO in MSC HO formula HO success rate in MSC= *100%
Times of success outgoing BSC HOs + Times of success incoming BSC HOs Times of outgoing BSC HO requests+ Times of incoming BSC HO requests Wireless HO success rate in MSC*100% Times of success outgoing BSC HOs + Times of success incoming BSC HOs Times of outgoing BSC HOs + Times of incoming BSC HOs HO in MSC HO Between MSCs HO signaling flow HO in BSC HO in MSC HO between MSCs HO Between MSCs ~ ~ ~ ~ MS MS BSS1 MSCa MSCb BSS2 VLRb Radio transmission signal measurement HO REQ. Perform HO(MAP) (Global target cell list) (Global target cell ID global service cell ID channel type) HO REQUEST (PCM&Channel type) HO REQUEST ACKNOWLmargin Incl. New TCH and HON Allocation HO number Send HO report (HON.) Radio channel ack.(MAP) Incl. New TCH and HON IAM ACM HO COMMAND HO CMD Hnadover MS to new channel via original BSS HO test HO DETECT HO finish HO COMPLETE BSS2 selects TCH to connect to PCM circuit MS enter target cell Send end signal Send end signal(MAP) CLEAR COMMAND Release PCMD CLEAR COMPLETE ANS Release (TUP/ISUP) End signal(MAP) Disconnect MSCa and MSCb HO report Mobile Um A E B A Um HO Between MSCs Signaling flow Abnormal conditions
The following conditions will cause HO failure----
MSC-B fails to identify the target cell MSC-B does not allow HO to the indicated target cell The target cell has no channel available in it VLR-B has no HO number available HO error or unsuitable data HO Between MSCsSubsequent HO Flow Roaming E MS MSCa MSCb MSCb' VLRb VLRb' BSS2 BSS2' Radio transmission signal measurement HO REQUIRED (target cell table) Perform subsequent HO(MAP) (target cell ID, serving cell ID, MSC number) Perform HO (target cell ID, serving cell ID, channel type) HO REQUEST (PCM&Channel type) HO REQUEST ACKNOWLmargin (including New TCH number and HO number) Allocate HO number Send HO report(HON) Radio channnel ack. (MAP) (includes New TCH number and HON) IAM ACM Subsequent HO ack. HO COMMAND HO DETECT HO COMPLETE Send end signal (MAP) ANS End signal (MAP) Release HO report Release HON CLEAR COMMAND CLEAR COMPLETE Release (TUP) Cut physical connection between MSCa and MSCb End signal (MAP) Release (TUP/ISUP) Release HO report Release HON Cut physical connection between MSCAa and MSCb' ~ ~ ~ ~ MS HO Between MSCsSubsequent HO Flow Highway MSC-A MSC-C MSC-B MSC-C Subsequent HO HO Between MSCs
Statistics countersame as HO in MSC, statistics is made by BSC HO formula-- same as HO in MSC 1. There is no HO request information for HO in BSC, and all of the HO is analyzed and processed in BSC. Once the target cell as required is found in the BSC, Channel activation information is sent directly. 2. When the target cell is not in the BSC, BSC reports CGI numbers of the serving cell and target cell, and HO cause to MSC through Ho-Required. When MSC finds that LAC of the target cell is in the MSC, it sends Ho-Request to the BSC of the target cell, and the target BSC activates the target cell channel to complete the following procedure. 3.When MSC finds that the target cell LAC does not belong to the MSC, it will query its REMOTLAC Table (including LAC and router address of the adjacent MSC), and send Prepare-HO message to the target MSC-B according to the router address. The message includes CGI of the target cell and indication whether to allocate HO number, etc. According to the message, the target MSC-B sends HO-Request message to the target BSC-B after demanding HO number (unless it is not required in the indication) from VLR-B, and sends Prepare-HO acknowledgement to serving MSC after receiving HO-Request acknowledgement, to execute the following procedure. Basic Flow of HO Signaling Main differences: 1. Inter-BSC HO transfers HO-REQ message through MSC, with CGI of the serving cell and target cell carried in the message. Intra-BSC HO does not have any CGI in any message, it is handled inside BSC. 2. Intra-BSC HO only sends HO-Performed to MSC upon completion of HO, and MSC is not involved before that time. But in the inter-BSC HO, MSC is involved ever since the HO request . HO in BSC and Inter-BSC HO Thanks