Dr Zuhour 1

Measurements
BY DR ZUHOUR IBRAHIM
Dr Zuhour 2
Brief review of important concepts
for quantitative analysis
Some important units of quantification

Units for expressing concentrations in
solids and liquids

Concentration-dilution formula
Dr Zuhour 3
Fundamental SI units
Remember the correct abbreviations!

Mass kilogram (kg)
Volume liter (L)
Distance meter (m)
Temperature kelvin (K)
Time second (s)
Current ampere (A)
Amount of substance mole (mol)
Luminous intensity candela (cd)
Dr Zuhour 4
Some other SI and non-SI units
Length angstrom ()
Force newton (N)
Pressure pascal (Pa), atmosphere (atm)
Energy, work, heat joule (J)
Power watt (W)
Electric charge coulomb (C)
Electric potential volt (V)
Electric resistance ohm (O)
Electric capacitance farad (F)
Temperature degree Celsius (C)
degree Fahrenheit (F)
Dr Zuhour 5
Some common prefixes for
exponential notation
10
12
tera (T)
10
9
giga (G)
10
6
mega (M)
10
3
kilo (k)
10
-1
deci (d)
10
-2
centi (c)
10
-3
milli (m)
10
-6
micro ()
10
-9
nano (n)
10
-12
pico (p)
10
-15
femto (f)
10
-18
atto (a)
Remember the correct
abbreviations!
Dr Zuhour 6
Commonly used equalities
10
3
mg = 1 g milli = thousandth
1 mg = 10
-3
g

10
6
g = 1 g micro = millionth
1 g = 10
-6
g

10
9
ng = 1 g nano = billionth
1 ng = 10
-9
g

10
12
pg = 1 g pico = trillionth
1 pg = 10
-12
g
Dr Zuhour 7
Concentration scales
Molarity (M) =


Molality (m) =
solution of Liter
solute of Moles
solvent kg
solute of Moles
Molarity is a temperature-dependent scale because
volume (and density) change with temperature.
Molality is a temperature-independent scale because
the mass of a kilogram does not vary with temperature.
Dr Zuhour 8
Concentration scales (cont.)
Weight / weight (w/w) basis

% (w/w) =

ppt (w/w) =

ppm (w/w) =

ppb (w/w) =

ppt (w/w) =
2
10
) (
) (
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.
|

\
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g sample mass
g solute mass
3
10
) (
) (
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.
|

\
|
g sample mass
g solute mass
6
10
) (
) (
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.
|

\
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g sample mass
g solute mass
9
10
) (
) (
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.
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\
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g sample mass
g solute mass
12
10
) (
) (
|
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.
|

\
|
g sample mass
g solute mass
ppt = parts per thousand
ppt = parts per trillion
ppt = parts per billion
ppt = parts per million
percent
This scale is useful for solids or solutions.
Dr Zuhour 9
Concentration scales (cont.)
Weight / volume (w/v) basis

% (w/v) =

ppt (w/v) =

ppm (w/v) =

ppb (w/v) =

ppt (w/v) =
2
10
) ( .
) (
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.
|

\
|
mL sample vol
g solute mass
3
10
) ( .
) (
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.
|

\
|
mL sample vol
g solute mass
6
10
) ( .
) (
|
|
.
|

\
|
mL sample vol
g solute mass
9
10
) ( .
) (
|
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.
|

\
|
mL sample vol
g solute mass
12
10
) ( .
) (
|
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.
|

\
|
mL sample vol
g solute mass
ppt = parts per thousand
ppt = parts per trillion
ppt = parts per billion
ppt = parts per million
percent
Dr Zuhour 10
Concentration scales (cont.)
Volume / volume (v/v) basis

% (v/v) =

ppt (v/v) =

ppm (v/v) =

ppb (v/v) =

ppt (v/v) =
2
10
) ( .
) ( .
|
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.
|

\
|
mL sample vol
mL solute vol
3
10
) ( .
) ( .
|
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.
|

\
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mL sample vol
mL solute vol
6
10
) ( .
) ( .
|
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.
|

\
|
mL sample vol
mL solute vol
9
10
) ( .
) ( .
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.
|

\
|
mL sample vol
mL solute vol
12
10
) ( .
) ( .
|
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.
|

\
|
mL sample vol
mL solute vol
ppt = parts per thousand
ppt = parts per trillion
ppt = parts per billion
ppt = parts per million
percent
Dr Zuhour 11
Concentration examples
Concentrated HCl


Alcoholic beverage


Color indicator for
titrations
) / ( % 0 . 37 10
0 . 100
0 . 37
2
w w
solution g
HCl g
=
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.
|

\
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) / ( % 4 . 10 10
5 . 38
00 . 4
2
2 3
v v
beverage mL
OH CH CH mL
=
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.
|

\
|
) / ( % 10 . 0 10
0 . 50
050 . 0
2
v w
solution mL
alein phenolphth g
=
|
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.
|

\
|
Dr Zuhour 12
Concentration example: %(w:v)
What is the concentration, on a %(w:v) basis, of V in a
solution that contains 281.5 mg/L of V?


) : ( % 10 815 . 2 ) : ( % 02815 . 0
10
1000
1
1000
1 5 . 281
) : ( %
2
2
v w x or v w
mL
L
V mg
V g
L
V mg
v w

=
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\
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.
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\
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.
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\
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=
2
10
) ( .
) (
) : ( %
|
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.
|

\
|
=
mL sample vol
g solute mass
v w
Dr Zuhour 13
Concentration scales (cont.)
Parts per million, billion, trillion are very often used to
denote concentrations of aqueous solutions:


L
g
solution L
solution mL
solution mL
solution g
g
g
solution g
solute g
ppb

1
1
1000
1
1
1
10
10
1
1
6
9
=
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=
L
ng
solution L
solution mL
solution mL
solution g
g
ng
solution g
solute g
ppt 1
1
1000
1
1
1
10
10
1
1
9
9
=
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=
L
mg
solution L
solution mL
solution mL
solution g
g
mg
solution g
solute g
ppm 1
1
1000
1
1
1
10
10
1
1
3
6
=
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=
Note: ppt = parts per trillion
Dr Zuhour 14
Concentration scales (cont.)
It will be very useful to memorize:

1 part per million (ppm) = 1 mg / L

1 part per billion (ppb) = 1 g / L

1 part per trillion (ppt) = 1 ng / L
Dr Zuhour 15
Concentration examples
Conversion of molarity to ppm

Solution of 0.02500 M K
2
SO
4


ppm
L
SO K mg
g
mg
SO K mol
SO K g
L
SO K mol
4356
4356
1000 26 . 174 02500 . 0
4 2
4 2
4 2 4 2
=
=
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Dr Zuhour 16
Concentration examples
What is concentration (in ppm) of K
+
in this solution?

Solution of 0.02500 M K
2
SO
4


ppm
L
K mg
g
mg
K mol
g
SO K mol
K mol
L
SO K mol
1955
1955
1000 10 . 39
1
2 02500 . 0
4 2
4 2
=
=
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\
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+
+
+
Dr Zuhour 17
Concentration-dilution formula

A very versatile formula that you
absolutely must know how to use
C
1
V
1
= C
2
V
2

where C = conc.; V = volume


M
1
V
1
= M
2
V
2

where M = molarity

C
conc
V
conc
= C
dil
V
dil


where conc refers to the more concentrated solution
and dil refers to the more dilute solution

Dr Zuhour 18
Concentration-dilution formula example
Problem: You have available 12.0 M HCl (conc. HCl) and
wish to prepare 0.500 L of 0.750 M HCl for use in an
experiment. How do you prepare such a solution?

C
conc
V
conc
= C
dil
V
dil


Write down what you know and what you dont know:




Dr Zuhour 19
Concentration-dilution formula example
Problem: You have available 12.0 M HCl (conc. HCl) and
wish to prepare 0.500 L of 0.750 M HCl for use in an
experiment. How do you prepare such a solution?
C
conc
V
conc
= C
dil
V
dil

C
conc
= 12.0 mol L
-1
C
dil
= 0.750 mol L
-1
V
conc
= ? V
dil
= 0.500 L

V
conc
= (C
dil
)(V
dil
) / C
conc
V
conc
= (0.750 mol L
-1
) (0.500 L) / 12.0 mol L
-1

V
conc
= 3.12 x 10
-2
L = 31.2 mL


Dr Zuhour 20
Concentration-dilution formula example
Great! So how do you prepare this solution of 0.750 M HCl?

1. Use a pipet or graduated cylinder to measure exactly
31.2 mL of 12.0 M
2. Transfer the 31.2 mL of 12.0 M HCl to a 500.0 mL
volumetric flask
3. Gradually add deionized water to the volumetric flask
and swirl to mix the solution
4. As the solution gets close to the 500.0 mL graduation on
the flask, use a dropper or squeeze bottle to add water
to the mark
5. Put the stopper on the flask and invert ~20 times to mix