Evolution An Introduction

Dra. Umiyah, MSc.

Jur. Biologi, FMIPA, Univ. Jember
November 2011
Evolusi = evolve proses perubahan
Perubahan genetik yg tjd pada populasi
dan berlangsung dr generasi ke generasi
(dalam jangka waktu yg lama)
Dpt menjelaskan kesatuan (unity) dan
keanekaragaman makhluk hidup
Mikroevolusi : perubahan frekuensi alel pd
gene pool dr generasi ke generasi
Makroevolusi : pembentukan species baru
(spesiasi)
EXIT
BAGAIMANA PERSEPSIMU TENTANG GAMBAR- GAMBAR INI?
DAN APA PENDAPATMU TENTANG GAMBAR INI?
EXIT
How Do We Know That Evolution
Has Occurred?

The evidence for evolution has primarily come
from four sources:

1. the fossil record of change in earlier species
2. the chemical and anatomical similarities of related
life forms
3. the geographic distribution of related species
4. the recorded genetic changes in living organisms
over many generations


Geological strata containing an evolutionary sequence of fossils
The Fossil Record
Archaeopteryx fossil
Archaeopteryx recreation
Archaeopteryx tail feathers
section of a DNA molecule
Amino acid
simple protein molecule
Chemical Evidence for Evolution
Summary of Evolution of Life
Formation
of the
earths
early
crust and
atmosphere
Small
organic
molecules
form in
the seas
Large
organic
molecules
(biopolymers)
form in
the seas
First
protocells
form in
the seas
Single-cell
prokaryotes
form in
the seas
Single-cell
eukaryotes
form in
the seas
Variety of
multicellular
organisms
form, first
in the seas
and later
on land
Chemical Evolution
(1 billion years)
Biological Evolution
(3.7 billion years)
Anatomical Evidence for
Evolution
Homologous structures: structures with
different appearances and functions that all
derived from the same body part in a
common ancestor
The bones in the forelimb of mammals are
homologous structures
Different functions, same ancestor structure
Homology of the bones of the forelimb of mammals
Anatomical Evidence for
Evolution
Embryology
Geographic distribution of some of the major colour pattern forms of
Heliconius melpomene. Names of various geographical
races/subspecies are given on the figure. Chris Jiggins.
the geographic distribution
Garis Webber Dan Wallance

Di wilayah ini dijumpai tumbuhan anggota suku
Raflesiaceae, anggota famili Dipterocarpaceae
misalnya Keruing ( Dipterocarpus sp), Meranti (Shorea
sp), Kayu garu (Gonystylus bancanus), dan Kayu
kapur (Drybalanops aromatica).
Wilayah Indonesia Bagian Barat
Shorea leprosula

Shorea resinosa
Raflesia arnoldi Raflesia padma
Wilayah Indonesia Bagian Timur

Flora yang dapat ditemukan :
Sagu, Rotan, matoa, Eboni, Meranti
Eucalyptus (mirip dengan di Australia)
Hewan-hewan di Indonesia memiliki tipe Oriental
(Kawasan Barat Indonesia) dan Australia (Kawasan Timur
Indonesia) serta peralihan.
ciri-ciri hewan di Kawasan Barat Indonesia :

1.Banyak species mamalia yang berukuran besar, misalnya gajah, banteng,
harimau, badak. Mamalia berkantung jumlahnya sedikit, bahkan hampir
tidak ada.
2.Terdapat berbagai macam kera, misalnya: bekantan, tarsius, orang utan.
3.Terdapat hewan endemik, seperti: badak bercula satu, binturong (Aretictis
binturang), monyet (Presbytis thomari), tarsius (Tarsius bancanus),
kukang (Nyeticebus coucang).
4.Burung-burung memiliki warna bulu yang kurang menarik, tetapi dapat
berkicau. Burung-burung yang endemik, misalnya: jalak bali (Leucopsar
nothschili), elang jawa, murai mengkilat (Myophoneus melurunus), elang
putih (Mycrohyerax latifrons).

Kawasan Indonesia Timur Ciri-ciri hewannya
adalah:

1.Mamalia berukuran kecil
2.Banyak hewan berkantung
3.Tidak terdapat species kera
4.Jenis-jenis burung memiliki warna yang beragam

Jenis-jenis hewannya seperti kanguru (Dendrolagus ursinus),
kuskus (Spiloeus maculatus). burung Cenderawasih (Paradiseae
sp). komodo (Varanus komodoensis).
Daerah peralihan
Jenis hewannya antara lain tarsius (Tarsius
bancanus), maleo (Macrocephalon
maleo), anoa, dan babi rusa (Babyrousa
babyrussa).
Genetic Drift
Seleksi alam yg mengakibatkan frekuensi gen mengalami
perubahan krn ada kesempatan
Gene Flow
Perubahan frekuensi gen krn adanya migrasi individual
Mutation
Peristiwa yg tjd scr acak
Efek: menguntungkan, merugikan atau tdk berpengaruh.
Seleksi alam
Tekanan seleksi yg bekerja pd populasi dgn variasi
genetik


Life Sciences-HHMI Outreach. Copyright 2006 President and Fellows of Harvard College.
ALL IMAGES: http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/home.php
Map 17.1
POPULATIONS
evolution
equilibrium
forces
Phenotypic
variation
Random
Repro-
duction
Large
Popu-
lation
No net
migration
Gene flow chance
Natural
selection
adaptive
Sexual
Recombi-
nation
Meiotic
Crossing
over
mutation
Random
Mating/
Offspring
success

Genetic
drift
Direc-
tional
Disrup-
tive
Stabil-
izing
fitness
determines
If it
enhances
undergo
Never in complete
requires
No
requires
With act on
include from
May be
or
May be includes
Or may get
Or may get
includes
Or may get
Variation in Populations
Hukum Hardy-
Weinberg : frek alel
dlm populasi tetap
populasi tdk
mengalami evolusi
Syarat:
Perkawinan acak
rarely takes place, even
in animals
Ukuran populasi sgt
besar mengurani
genetic drift
Tdk ada migrasi
Tdk tjd mutasi
Tdk tjd seleksi alam
Mekanisme yg menyebabkan perubahan
pd populasi populasi tsb dpt survive
dan bereproduksi mewariskan
perubahan tsb pd generasi berikutnya
Seleksi alam bekerja pd individu yg
berubah adlh populasi
Terdapat 3 tipe seleksi alam:
1. Directional
2. Disruptive
3. Stabilizing

Directional selection
Industrial melanism in Biston betularia
Disruptive selection
Distinct subpopulations
Stabilizing selection
Keeps phenotypes stable for long periods of
time.
Two models exist to describe the rates of
speciation.
Gradualism:
Refers to the model which holds that
evolutionary change occurs in a gradual linear
fashion. A species will change its morphology
over time.
Punctuated equilibrium
Describes the process in which a species
remains relatively unchanged for relatively
long periods of time. Following which, a period
of stress causes rapid change, followed by
another period of relative stability.
Allopatric
Geographic isolation most common type
Reproductive barriers/isolation
Adaptive radiation

Sympatric
Almost always in plants
Without geographic isolation
In same population but do not interbreed
The notion of evolution was dominated by 2 theories.
Lamarckian Theory of Inheretance of acquired characteristics
Held that traits acquired throughout life of an organism would be passed on
to offspring.
"Use it, or lose it principle"
Eg. If you lifted weights during your life, your children would be stronger or, if
you did'nt exercise your children would be weaker
Theory has been replaced by Darwin's theory of natural selection.
Natural selection:
Based on following premises:
There are not enough resources for all organisms to survive.
Some organisms are more "fit" to survive.
Fitness refers to:
The ability of an organism to survive in its environment.
The ability of an organism to survive long enough to reproduce.
Natural pressures "weed-out" those individuals "less fit" to survive. Thus changing a
species over time.
New genes/traits arise from random mutations.
Most are either Neutral (no effect), or disadvantageous (decrease an
organism's chance for survival).
The peppered moth is a species of
moth which uses camouflage
against tree bark to avoid being
eaten by birds. It is normally a light
grey color.
During England's industrial
revolution, pollution caused a
darkening of the bark of the trees.
There was a natural variation in
moth coloration with some being
darker than others.
Those moths of a lighter color, were
easier to spot and eat by birds. And
were eaten at a faster rate.
The survivors tended to be darker,
and when they mated, their
offspring tended thus to be darker
also.
Over time, this resulted in the
species becoming darker in color.