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Chapter 14

Induction Motor Drives

• Extremely large potential as adjustable speed drives

Copyright © 2003 Chapter 14 Induction 14-1


by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Motor Drives
Pump Application: Adjustable Flow rate

• Fixed versus adjustable speed drive

Copyright © 2003 Chapter 14 Induction 14-2


by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Motor Drives
Per-Phase Representation

• Assuming sinusoidal steady state

Copyright © 2003 Chapter 14 Induction 14-3


by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Motor Drives
Important Relationships in an Induction
Machine

• Not necessary for our purposes to know the


exact expressions for constants used here
Copyright © 2003 Chapter 14 Induction 14-4
by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Motor Drives
Torque-Speed Characteristics

• The linear part of the characteristic is utilized in


adjustable speed drives
Copyright © 2003 Chapter 14 Induction 14-5
by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Motor Drives
Plot of Normalized Rotor Current

• It increases with slip and slip frequency

Copyright © 2003 Chapter 14 Induction 14-6


by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Motor Drives
Acceleration Torque at Startup

• Intersection represents the equilibrium point

Copyright © 2003 Chapter 14 Induction 14-7


by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Motor Drives
Torque Speed Characteristics at various
Frequencies of Applied Voltage

• The air gap flux is kept constant

Copyright © 2003 Chapter 14 Induction 14-8


by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Motor Drives
Adjusting Speed of a Centrifugal Load

• The load torque is proportional to speed squared

Copyright © 2003 Chapter 14 Induction 14-9


by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Motor Drives
Frequency at Startup

• The torque is limited to limit current draw

Copyright © 2003 Chapter 14 Induction 14-10


by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Motor Drives
Increasing Speed at Startup

• The ramp rate of frequency depends on load inertia

Copyright © 2003 Chapter 14 Induction 14-11


by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Motor Drives
Phasor Diagram at Small Value of Slip
Frequency

• The rotor branch is assumed to be purely


resistive

Copyright © 2003 Chapter 14 Induction 14-12


by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Motor Drives
Voltage Boost to Keep Air Gap Flux at its
Rated Value

• Depends on the torque loading of the machine

Copyright © 2003 Chapter 14 Induction 14-13


by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Motor Drives
Induction Motor Drive Capability Curves

• Mainly two regions

Copyright © 2003 Chapter 14 Induction 14-14


by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Motor Drives
Generator Mode of Operation

• Rotor speeds exceed the synchronous speed

Copyright © 2003 Chapter 14 Induction 14-15


by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Motor Drives
Regenerative Braking Mode to Slow Down

• Machine is made to go into the generator mode

Copyright © 2003 Chapter 14 Induction 14-16


by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Motor Drives
Per-Phase Equivalent Circuit at Harmonic
Frequencies

• The magnetizing branch is ignored

Copyright © 2003 Chapter 14 Induction 14-17


by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Motor Drives
Torque Pulsations due to Harmonics

• Rotations of fields due to the fifth and the


seventh harmonics are in opposite directions
Copyright © 2003 Chapter 14 Induction 14-18
by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Motor Drives
Classification of Converter Systems

• PWM-VSI is now most commonly use


Copyright © 2003 Chapter 14 Induction 14-19
by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Motor Drives
PWM-VSI System

• Diode rectifier for unidirectional power flow


Copyright © 2003 Chapter 14 Induction 14-20
by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Motor Drives
PWM-VSI System

• Options for recovered energy during


regenerative braking
Copyright © 2003 Chapter 14 Induction 14-21
by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Motor Drives
General-Purpose Speed Controller

• High dynamic performance is not the objective


here
Copyright © 2003 Chapter 14 Induction 14-22
by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Motor Drives
Change in Switching Frequency based on
the required Fundamental Frequency

• Can be significant in large power ratings

Copyright © 2003 Chapter 14 Induction 14-23


by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Motor Drives
Field-Oriented Control

• A concise coverage is presented in “Advanced Electric


Drives: Analysis, Control and Modeling using Simulink” by
N. Mohan (www.MNPERE.com)
Copyright © 2003 Chapter 14 Induction 14-24
by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Motor Drives
Square-Wave VSI Waveforms

• Large peak-peak ripple in currents

Copyright © 2003 Chapter 14 Induction 14-25


by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Motor Drives
CSI Drives

• Mostly PWM-VSI drives are used


Copyright © 2003 Chapter 14 Induction 14-26
by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Motor Drives
Comparison of Three Types of Inverter
Systems

• PWM-VSI is by far the most commonly selected


system now
Copyright © 2003 Chapter 14 Induction 14-27
by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Motor Drives
Speed Control by Adjusting the Stator Voltage

• Highly inefficient in most


cases

Copyright © 2003 Chapter 14 Induction 14-28


by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Motor Drives
Controlling the Stator Voltage Magnitude

• Results in distorted current and torque pulsations

Copyright © 2003 Chapter 14 Induction 14-29


by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Motor Drives
Torque-Speed Curves for Wound-Rotor
Machines

• Highly energy-inefficient unless using energy


recovery schemes
Copyright © 2003 Chapter 14 Induction 14-30
by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Motor Drives
Static Slip Recovery

• Applications in very large power ratings where the


speed is to be adjusted over a very limited range
Copyright © 2003 Chapter 14 Induction 14-31
by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Motor Drives

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