Aromatics Technology

An Overview
2
What Are Aromatics?
Benzene
Toluene
Ortho-xylene
Meta-xylene
Para-xylene
thyl!enzene
"## O$ A%OMAT&'#
Benzene Toluene Ethylbenzene Orthoxylene Paraxylene
-Caprolactum
(Nylon)
- LAB (Detergent)
- Phenol
- tyrene
- ol!ent"
- Pe"t#c#$e"
-ol!ent"
- Th#nner
- Dye
- N#trotoluene
- phenol
-tyrene
- Dye
- D#-
ethylbenzene
-Phthal#c
anhy$r#$e
- ur%ace
coat#ng"
- Pe"t#c#$e"
- Pour po#nt
$epre""ant
-D&T
-PTA
- PET
P%OP%T&# O$ A%OMAT&'#
Benzene Bo#l#ng po#nt' $eg C (reez#ng po#nt' $eg C
-Benzene
- Toluene
- Ethyl benzene
- Paraxylene
- Orthoxylene
- &etaxylene
)*
++*,-
+.-,+
+.),.
+//,/
+.),0
12,-
-02
-02
1+.,.
-32
-/4,)
5
#ources o( Aromatics
Ma)or sources are*
By catalytic re(orming o( na+htha
By steam crac,ing
6
'on(iguration O( An
Aromatics 'om+lex
-e+en.s u+on*
$ee.stoc, ty+e/ availa!ility/ 0uality
Pro.uct ty+e/ .eman./ s+eci(ications
'on(iguration can !e*
$or !enzene only 1 $ee.* 23 43 .eg ' cut na+htha5
$or !enzene 6 toluene 1$ee.* 23 773 .eg ' cut na+htha5
$or !enzene8 toluene 6 xylenes 1+-xylene or o-xylene or
!oth5 1$ee.* 23 79: .eg ' cut na+htha5
$or !enzene 6 xylenes 1+-xylene or o-xylene or !oth5
1$ee.* 23 79: .eg ' cut na+htha5
$or xylenes only 1+-xylene or o-xylene or !oth5 1$ee.* 773
79: .eg ' cut na+htha5
7
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10
A%OMAT&'# 'OMP;<
'an !e .ivi.e. in three sections
Aromatics +ro.uction
Aromatics recovery
Aromatics maximisation
11
A%OMAT&'# P%O-"'T&O=
%e(orming o( na+htha
%e(orming reactions
-ehy.rogenation
&somerisation
'rac,ing
-ehy.rocyclisation
Processes* #% ty+e8 ''% ty+e8 ?y!ri.
1revam+ case5
;icensors
A<=# 1#% / ''% - Aromizing5
"OP 1#% / ''% Plat(orming5
12
A%OMAT&'# %'OC%@
-istillation 1Ortho xylene5
A.sor+tion 1Para xylene5
;icensors
A<=# 1A.sor+tion - ;"<@;5
"OP 1A.sor+tion - PA%<5
'rystallisation 1Para xylene5
;icensors
BT'8 BA-B%/ =&%O 1"OP5
13
A%OMAT&'# %'OC%@
#olvent extraction 1Benzene/ Toluene5
;icensors
"OP 1;i0 - li0 extraction #ul(olane5
;"%B& 1xtractive .istillation 6 ;i0 - li0
extraction = methyl +yroli.one5
&; 1;i0 - li0 extraction #ul(olane5
"?- 1xtractive .istillation =-
$ormylmor+holine5
A<=# 1;i0 - li0 extraction #ul(olane5
BT' 1xtractive .istillation Techtiv 7335
14
A%OMAT&'# MA<&M&#AT&O=
<ylene &somerisation
Meta xylene to ortho/ +ara xylene
thyl !enzene to !enzene/ xylenes
;icensors
"OP
A<=#/=B;?A%-5 1O'TA$&=&=B5
A<=#/MOB&; 1M;P&8 M?A&5
15
A%OMAT&'# MA<&M&#AT&O=
Toluene conversion
Toluene to !enzne or !enzene/ xylene
D'FA G '2A H 'IA 1-P5
'FA H '4A G D'IA 1TA5
'FA H ?D G '2A H'7 1-A5
;icensors
"OP 1TATO%A@8 T?-A5
A<=#/MOB&; 1MT-P8 T%A=# P;"#5
ABB ;"MM"# 1-TO; P%O'##5
BT' 1BT-TransAl, Process8 BT-TolAl,8
T-P/ #T-P Process5
A<=#/?%& 1?-A5
16
;icense. Technologies
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17
&;Js 'a+a!ilities
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18
&;Js x+eriences
=?-# / '%"
&O'; Mathura* with A<=# 1''%5 Basoline
&O'; Pani+at* with A<=# 1''%5 Basoline
&O'; Barauni* with A<=# 1#%5 Basoline
&O'; -ig!oi* with A<=# 1#%5 Basoline
&O'; Bu)arat* with AK>O 1#%5 BT<
B%P;* with A<=#/&&P-&P'; 1#%5 <ylenes
BP';* with A<=# 1#%5 BT
K%;* with A<=# 1#%5 BT
&so Octane8 -u!ai * with Axens/"OP 1#%5 -
Basoline
19
&;Js x+eriences
A%"
BP';
K%;
20
&;Js x+eriences
&#OM "nit
B%P;* with ngelhar.
&P';* with Mo!il
21
&;Js x+eriences
TA-P "nit
Process .esign with &P'; (or a
-emonstration "nit
=AP?T?A ?@-%OT%AT% "=&T
-#&B= 'O=#&-%AT&O=#
23
$;OW #'?M
SIMPLIFIED FLOWSCHEME
REACTOR
FEED HEATER
FEED/EFFLUENT
EXCH
FEED PUMP
REC!CLE
COMPRESSOR
COMPRESSOR
"O DRUM
SEPARATOR
STRIPPER FEED
PUMP
SOUR WATER
EFFLUENT
AIR COOLER
TRIMCOOLER
TOSTRIPPER
O#HD
TO STRIPPIN$
SECTION
FEED SUR$E DRUM
NAPHTHAFEED
MA"E-UP H!DRO$EN
%8502SLD1
24
$;OW #'?M
SIMPLIFIED FLOW SCHEME
STRIPPER
STRIPPER
STRIPPER O#HD
AIR CONDENSER
FROMSEPARATOR O#ERHEAD
%8502SLD2
STRIPPER
FEED/%OTTOM
EXCHAN$ER
COLUMN
RE%OILER PUMP
REFLUX PUMP
STRIPPER
CONDENSER
TRIM
REFLUX DRUM
STRIPPER
RE%OILER
STRIPPER
H!DROTREATED
NAPHTHATO
REFORMER
OFF$AS TO
AMINE TREATMENT
FROMSEPARATOR
%OTTOMS
25
PA%AMT%# TO B $&%M- "P &= T?
-#&B= BA#&#
FEED QUALITY
Sulfur Content
Chloride and Nitrogen Content
Heavy etal Content
UNIT CA!ACITY " TU#ND$%N
A&AILA'ILITY $F A(E)U! HYD#$*EN *AS
26
PA%AMT%# TO B $&%M- "P &= T?
-#&B= BA#&#
D#I&E# F$# #ECYCLE *AS C$!#ESS$#
TY!E $F CATALYST #E*ENE#ATI$N
+E,)SITU $# IN)SITU-
S$U#CE $F %ASH %ATE#
#EST#ICTI$N. IF ANY. $N USA*E $F S$E CHEICALS
27
PA%AMT%# TO B $&%M- "P &= T?
-#&B= BA#&#
A&AILA'ILITY $F HYD#$T#EATED NA!HTHA DU#IN* STA#T)U!
S$U#CE/QUALITY $F STA#T)U! HYD#$*EN
S!A#IN* !HIL$S$!HY F$# EQUI!ENT
$THE# !A#AETE#S LI(E 'ATTE#Y LIIT C$NDTI$NS. UTILITY
C$NDITI$NS ETC0
28
$- 6 P%O-"'T E"A;&T@
&MP"%&T&#
'O=T=T
$-
1MA<5
P%O-"'T
1MA<5
#";$"%8PPMW 7L3A3 3A:
=&T%OB=8PPMW 7A: 7A3
'?;O%&-8PPMW DA3 7A3
A%#=&'8PPBW 73A3 7A3
TOTA; ?AC@ MTA;#8
PPBW
:3A3 D3A3
WAT%8 PPMW =O $% WAT% 9A3
29
-ATA TO B OBTA&=- $%OM 'ATA;@#T
#"PP;&%
CATALYST DETAILS AND !HYSICAL !#$!E#TIES
QUANTITY $F CATALYST
$!E#ATIN* C$NDITI$NS
)
#ea1tor te23erature and 3re44ure
) S3a1e velo1ity
) Hydrogen #e1y1le rate
) !re44ure dro3 and te23erature ri4e a1ro44 rea1tor
30
-ATA TO B OBTA&=- $%OM 'ATA;@#T
#"PP;&%
TY!E $F #EACT$# AND !#$!#IETA#Y INTE#NAL DETAILS. IF
ANY
E,)#EACT$# YIELDS
CATALYST LIFE
CATALYST #E*ENE#ATI$N AND STA#T)U! #EQUI#EENTS
CHEICALS #EQUI#EENT F$# CATALYST
31
"=-%#TA=-&=B
<-%A'TO% @&;-#
E,)#EACT$# YIELD $F C$!$NENT i 5
+Y
i
6 ,
i
-/F
Y
i
5 Flo7 rate of 1o23onent i +(g/h- at
rea1tor outlet
,
i
5 Flo7 rate of 1o23onent i +(g/h- in
re1y1le 8 2a9eu3 ga4
F 5 Total fre4h feed in (g/h
32
BA#&# $O%
$&<&=B OP%AT&=B 'O=-&T&O=#
#EACTI$N SECTI$N
#e:uired hydrogen 3artial 3re44ure at rea1tor outlet a4 3er 1ataly4t
4u33lier0
Availa;le 3re44ure of 2a9e)u3 ga40
#ea1tor o3erating te23erature and 3re44ure dro3 a4 3er 1ataly4t 4u33lier0
S2all 3urge :uantity i4 relea4ed fro2 4e3arator in order to 2aintain
3re44ure0
33
BA#&# $O%
$&<&=B OP%AT&=B 'O=-&T&O=#
#EACTI$N SECTI$N
If feed 1ontain4 un4aturate4. it i4 to ;e en4ured that feed i4 totally va3ori<ed
at feed/effluent e=1hanger outlet0 Al4o 4e3arate hydrogenation 1ataly4t 2ay
;e loaded on to3 of the regular 1ataly4t0
Effluent outlet te23erature fro2 feed/effluent e=1hanger i4 9e3t higher than
>??
o
C0
Se3arator te23erature 9e3t at @?
o
C to 2ini2i<e na3htha lo440
34
BA#&# $O%
$&<&=B OP%AT&=B 'O=-&T&O=#
ST#I!!IN* SECTI$N
!re44ure i4 fi=ed 4o a4 to a1hieve the de4ired 4e3aration u4ing 1ooling
7ater a4 1ooling 2ediu20
Total nu2;er of tray4 generally around A?0
#eflu= to feed ratio i4 ty3i1ally around ?0B0
#e;oiler duty i4 ty3i1ally C?)D? (1al/h 3er (g/h of ;otto2 3rodu1t0
35
BA#&# $O%
$&<&=B OP%AT&=B 'O=-&T&O=#
ST#I!!IN* SECTI$N
ain 1on4ideration i4 H
B
S 4tri33ing 4o a4 to redu1e H
B
S 1on1entration in
4tri33er ;otto2 to le44 than ?0C 33270
If 4tri33er i4 de4igned to re2ove H
B
S. it 7ill al4o ;e a;le to re2ove
7ater to the de4ired 43e1ifi1ation0
36
MA&= OP%AT&=B PA%AMT%#
#ea1tor inlet te23erature+S$#/E$#-.Deg CE AA?/AD?
#ea1tor !re44ure +in/out-. 9g/12BgE >C0F/>@0@
LHS& +H
)>
-E @0G
Se3arator !re44ure. 9g/12Bg E >G0?
37
MA&= OP%AT&=B PA%AMT%#
#e1y1le #atioE >C? S2A HB / 2A of Feed at >C deg C
Stri33er #eflu= Dru2 !re44ure. 9g/12BgE >@0?
Stri33er #eflu= Dru2 Te23erature. Deg CE @?
Stri33er 'otto2 te23erature. Deg CE BBH
38
'O=T%O; P?&;O#OP?@
Fuel ga4 ;lan9eting in feed 4urge dru2
Na3htha to rea1tion 4e1tion on flo7 1ontrol0 In1o2ing feed on level
1ontrol of 4urge dru20
#ea1tor inlet te23erature ;y regulating feed heater firing0
Se3arator 3re44ure ;y regulation of 2a9e)u3 ga4 flo7 rate0
39
'O=T%O; P?&;O#OP?@
!urge fro2 4e3arator on flo7 1ontrol0
Stri33er feed on 4e3arator level 1ontrol0
Stri33er 3re44ure 1ontrolled ;y ;a19 3re44ure 1ontroller on off ga40
Stri33er ;otto2 / 1ontrol tray te23erature ;y regulating 4tri33er re;oiler
duty0
40
#P'&A; -#&B= $AT"%#
Feed 4urge dru2 hold u3 ti2e i4 1on4idered a4 B?)A? 2inute40
If feed 1ontain4 un4aturate4. anti)3oly2eri<ation agent do4ing 2ay ;e
1on4idered0
No valve in rea1tion 4e1tion0
Sy22etri1 3i3ing at feed heater inlet/outlet0
Feed heater ha4 4uffi1ient over de4ign to ta9e 1are of le44 heat re1overy in
feed/effluent e=1hanger0
41
#P'&A; -#&B= $AT"%#
%a4h 7ater inIe1tion u34trea2 of effluent air 1ooler inlet0
E2ergen1y de3re44uri<ation 1onne1tion at 4e3arator0
In4tru2ent air 4torage ve44el 3rovided for de3re44uri<ing valve0
Corro4ion inhi;itor do4ing at 4tri33er overhead0
!rovi4ion to route hydrotreated na3htha / off 43e10 na3htha to 4torage0
42
#P'&A; -#&B= $AT"%#
!rovi4ion to re1eive hydrotreated na3htha at 4tri33er inlet0
Stri33er ;otto2 holdu3 ti2e of B?)A? 2inute40
In)4itu regeneration fa1ilitie4 1on4i4ting of Stea2/ Air or Nitrogen / Air
inIe1tion fa1ilitie40
43
%A'TO% -TA&;#
%$O%M&=B "=&T
-#&B= 'O=#&-%AT&O=#
-#&B= 'O=#&-%AT&O=# $O%
%CAMP# / B%A##%OOT -#&B= O$
%$O%M%
46
$;OW #'?M
SIMPLIFIED FLOW SCHEME
FEED/
REFORMER
%8502SLD3
EFFLUENT
FEED PUMP
H!DROTREATED
NAPHTHA
FEED FILTER
REFORMER
EXCHAN$ER
PREHEATER
FEED INTER
HEATER HEATER
INTER
REACTOR
FIRST
REACTOR
SECOND
REACTOR
THIRD
%OTTOMS PUMP
SEPARATOR
AIR COOLER
EFFLUENT
TRIM COOLER
SEPARATOR
COMPRESSOR
REC!CLE
SECTION
TO RECONTACTIN$
TO RECONTACTIN$
SECTION
47
$;OW #'?M
SIMPLIFIED FLOWDIA$RAM
"O DRUM
$AS FROM
%8502SLD4
SEPARATOR
SEPARATOR
LI&UIDFROM
H2 RICH $AS
COMPRESSOR
COOLER
COOLER
STA%ILI'ER
FEED PUMP
STORA$E
REFORMATE TO
PUMP
RE%OILER
REFORMATE
COOLER
TRIM COOLER
RE%OILER
FEED/%OTTOM
STA%ILI'ER
EXCHAN$ER
CONDENSER
STA%ILI'ER
REFLUX DRUM
PUMP
REFLUX
UNSTA%ILISED
LP$
H!DRO$EN RICH $AS
TO FUEL $AS
HP A%SOR%ER
LP$ A%SOR%ER
48
PA%AMT%# TO B $&%M- "P &= T?
-#&B= BA#&#
FEED QUALITY
! / N / A or AST
UNIT CA!ACITY " TU#ND$%N
!#$DUCT S!ECIFICATI$NS
#$N
Li2itation4. if any. in 'en<ene 1ontent
#&!
49
PA%AMT%# TO B $&%M- "P &= T?
-#&B= BA#&#
F#ACTI$NATI$N #EQUI#EENTS. IF ANY. D$%NST#EA $F
STA'ILIJE#
'ATTE#Y LIIT !#ESSU#E $F !#$DUCT HYD#$*EN
LIITATI$NS. IF ANY. $N CHL$#IDE C$NTENT $F HYD#$*EN
!#$DUCT
TY!E $F D#I&E# F$# #ECYCLE *AS C$!#ESS$#
TY!E $F CATALYST #E*ENE#ATI$N
+E,)SITU $# IN)SITU-
50
PA%AMT%# TO B $&%M- "P &= T?
-#&B= BA#&#
#EST#ICTI$N. IF ANY. $N USA*E $F S$E CHEICALS
S$U#CE/QUALITY $F STA#T)U! HYD#$*EN
S!A#IN* !HIL$S$!HY F$# EQUI!ENT0
#EQUI#EENT $F #ECYCLE *AS D#YE#
$THE# !A#AETE#S LI(E 'ATTE#Y LIIT C$NDITI$NS. UTILITY
C$NDITI$NS ETC0
51
%$O%M% $- '?A%A'T%&#T&'#
&MP"%&T&# 'O=T=T
#";$"%8 PPMW 3A: 1MA<5
WAT%8 PPMW 9A3 1MA<5
A%#=&'8 PPBW :A3 1MA<5
;A-8 PPBW :A3 1MA<5
'OPP%8 PPBW :A3 1MA<5
52
%$O%M% $- '?A%A'T%&#T&'#
&MP"%&T&# 'O=T=T
=&'K;8 PPBW :A3 1MA<5
=&T%OB=8PPMW 3A: 1MA<5
'?;O%&-8 PPMW 7A3 1MA<5
TOTA; ?AC@ MTA;#8 PPBW :A3 1MA<5
53
%$O%M% P%O-"'T#
#EF$#ATE $CTANEE AS !E# DESI*N 'ASIS
#EF$#ATE +CC8- YIELD. %TKE H?)F@
#EF$#ATE #&!E ?0@ (*/CB A
HYD#$*EN YIELD. %TKE >0C)A0B
HYD#$*EN !#$DUCT !U#ITY. &$LKE H?)FC
L!* YIELD. %TKE >)>BK
54
-ATA TO B OBTA&=- $%OM 'ATA;@#T
#"PP;&%
CATALYST DETAILS AND !HYSICAL !#$!E#TIES
QUANTITY $F CATALYST T$ 'E L$ADED IN EACH #EACT$#
$!E#ATIN* C$NDITI$NS
#ea1tor4 te23erature and 3re44ure
S3a1e velo1ity
Hydrogen #e1y1le rate
!re44ure and te23erature dro3 a1ro44 ea1h
rea1tor
55
-ATA TO B OBTA&=- $%OM 'ATA;@#T
#"PP;&%
TY!E $F #EACT$#S AND !#$!#IETA#Y INTE#NAL DETAILS. IF
ANY
E,)#EACT$# YIELDS
LH AC#$SS #EACT$#S
CATALYST LIFE
CATALYST #E*ENE#ATI$N AND STA#T)U! #EQUI#EENTS
CHEICALS #EQUI#EENTS F$# CATALYST
56
"=-%#TA=-&=B <-%A'TO% @&;-#
E,)#EACT$# YIELD $F C$!$NENT i 5
+Y
i
6 ,
i
-/F
Y
i
5 Flo7 rate of 1o23onent i +(g/h- at
rea1tor outlet
,
i
5 Flo7 rate of 1o23onent i +(g/h- in
re1y1le ga4
F 5 Total fre4h feed in (g/h
57
BA#&# $O% $&<&=B OP%AT&=B 'O=-&T&O=#
#EACTI$N SECTI$N
#ea1tor4/4e3arator 3re44ure and re1y1le ratio a4 3er 1ataly4t 4u33lier0
#ea1tor o3erating te23erature4 and 3re44ure dro34 a4 3er 1ataly4t
4u33lier0
a=i2u2 3o44i;le heat re1overy in feed/effluent e=1hanger 6 u4ually
7elded 3late ty3e or 3ure 1ounter 1urrent ty3e0
58
BA#&# $O% $&<&=B OP%AT&=B 'O=-&T&O=#
#EACTI$N SECTI$N
Feed heater and inter heater dutie4 fi=ed inorder to 2aintain de4ired
rea1tor inlet te23erature4 and ;a4ed on LH a1ro44 ea1h rea1tor a4
o;tained fro2 1ataly4t 4u33lier0
Se3arator te23erature 9e3t at @?
o
C to 2ini2i<e na3htha lo440
59
BA#&# $O% $&<&=B OP%AT&=B 'O=-&T&O=#
#EC$NTACTIN* SECTI$N
De4ired 3re44ure of hydrogen 3rodu1t ga40
#e1onta1ting te23erature de3end4 on the 4e3arator 3re44ure.
re1onta1ting 3re44ure and 1ooling/1hilling 2ediu2 availa;le0
60
BA#&# $O% $&<&=B OP%AT&=B 'O=-&T&O=#
STA'ILIJATI$N SECTI$N
!re44ure i4 fi=ed 4o a4 to a1hieve the de4ired 4e3aration u4ing 1ooling 7ater
a4 1ooling 2ediu20
Total nu2;er of tray4 generally around AC0
#eflu= to feed ratio i4 ty3i1ally around ?0A0
#e;oiler duty i4 ty3i1ally G?)D? (1al/h 3er (g/h of ;otto2 3rodu1t0
61
BA#&# $O% $&<&=B OP%AT&=B 'O=-&T&O=#
STA'ILIJATI$N SECTI$N
#eflu= dru2 te23erature i4 9e3t at @?
o
C in order to 2ini2i<e L!* lo440
'otto2 3rodu1t +#efor2ate- yield i4 2a=i2i<ed ta9ing 1are that #&! i4 not
e=1eeded0
L!* !rodu1t 4hould not have 2ore than > 7tK C
C
40
62
MA&= OP%AT&=B 'O=-&T&O=#
#EACT$# INLET TE!E#ATU#EE @H? ) C@?
%HS& +H
)>
- E B0C
#ECYCLE #ATI$ E >0C 6 A0C
SE!A#AT$# !#ESSU#E. (*/CB* E B0C ) >@0C
SE!A#AT$# TE!E#ATU#E. DE* CE @?
#EC$NTACTIN* D#U !#ESSU#E. (*/CB*E C0? 6 BC0?
63
MA&= OP%AT&=B 'O=-&T&O=#
#EC$NTACTIN* D#U TE!E#ATU#E. DE* CE +)>?- 6 @?
L!* A'S$#'E# D#U !#ESSU#E. (*/CB*E >C0H
STA'ILIJE# #EFLU, D#U !#ESSU#E. (*/CB*E >G0?
STA'ILIJE# #EFLU, D#U TE!E#ATU#E. DE* CE @?
STA'ILIJE# '$TT$S TE!E#ATU#E. DE* CE BA?
64
#P'&A; 'O=#&-%AT&O=# $O% %CAMP#
%or9 7ithin the 1on4traint4 of re1y1le ga4 1o23re44or/ ;oo4ter 1o23re44or0
Try to avoid / 2ini2i<e 2odifi1ation4 in feed heater / inter heater40
#e3la1e2ent of old 2ulti)4hell feed / effluent e=1hanger train 7ith 7elded 3late
e=1hanger 2ay ;e 1on4idered0
Den4e 1ataly4t loading in rea1tor4 2ay ;e 1on4idered0
Internal traffi1 and o3erating 1ondition4 of 4ta;ili<er adIu4ted 7ithin the
1on4traint4 of e=i4ting 1olu2n dia2eter0
65
#P'&A; -#&B= $AT"%#
No valve in rea1tion 4e1tion
Sy22etri1 3i3ing at heater inlet / outlet0
In 1a4e 7elded 3late e=1hanger i4 in4talled. filter4 2ay ;e re:uired
u34trea2 of e=1hanger0
Feed heater ha4 4uffi1ient over de4ign to ta9e 1are of le44 heat
re1overy in feed effluent e=1hanger0
In4tru2ent air 4torage ve44el for re1y1le ga4 1o23re44or anti)4urge
1ontrol valve0
66
#P'&A; -#&B= $AT"%#
Nu2;er of 4tage4 of ;oo4ter 1o23re44or de3end4 u3on the 4e3arator
3re44ure and re1onta1ting dru2 / hydrogen 3rodu1t 3re44ure0
Sta;ili<er ;otto2 hold u3 ti2e of B?)A? 2inute40
Final 1ooler/1hiller in re1onta1ting 4e1tion ha4 ade:uate overde4ign to ta9e
1are le44 1ooling in u34trea2 1ir1uit0
In)4itu regeneration fa1ilitie4 1on4i4ting of Nitrogen/ Air inIe1tion fa1ilitie40
67
%A'TO% -TA&;#
68
%A'TO% -TA&;#
69
MAMO% CA%&AB;# A$$'T&=B %$O%M&=B
%A'T&O=
!#ESSU#E
TE!E#ATU#E

#ECYCLE #ATI$

S!ACE &EL$CITY
70
$$'T O$ P%##"%
#EDUCED !#ESSU#E
Favour4 #efor2ing rea1tion
In1rea4e4 1o9ing. hen1e 4horter 1y1le length
INC#EASED !#ESSU#E
In1rea4e4 1ra19ing. hen1e le44 refor2ate yield
De1rea4e4 1o9ing. hen1e longer 1y1le length
71
$$'T O$ TMP%AT"%
INC#EASED TE!E#ATU#E
In1rea4e4 1ataly4t a1tivity hen1e ;etter 3rodu1t :uality0
In1rea4e4 1ra19ing. hen1e de1rea4e4 yield
DEC#EASED TE!E#ATU#ES
De1rea4e4 1ataly4t a1tivity hen1e 3oorer 3rodu1t :uality0
De1rea4e4 1ra19ing. hen1e ;etter yield4
#EACT$# TE!E#ATU#ES INC#EASED *#ADUALLY T$ C$!ENSATE
F$# L$SS IN ACTI&ITY
72
$$'T O$ %'@'; %AT&O
DEFINED AS $LES $F H
B
IN #ECYCLE *AS !E# $LE $F F#ESH
FEED
INC#EASIN* #ECYCLE #ATI$ #ESULTS IN HI*HE# H
B
!A#TIAL
!#ESSU#E AND CATALYST STA'ILITY
DEC#EASIN* #ECYCLE #ATI$ #ESULTS IN L$%E# H
B
!A#TIAL
!#ESSU#E AND CATALYST STA'ILITY
73
$$'T O$ #PA' C;O'&T@

S!ACE &EL$CITY IS #ATI$ $F H$U#LY FEED #ATE AND %EI*HT

$F T$TAL CATALYST L$ADED

INC#EASIN* S!ACE &EL$CITY DEC#EASES !#$DUCT QUALITY

74
=- TO &MP%OC %$O%M%
P%$O%MA='
HI*HE# $CTANE #EQUI#EENTS
$#E ST#IN*ENT 'ENJENE S!ECIFICATI$NS

INC#EASE IN HYD#$*EN DEAND

75
;&M&TAT&O=# O$ #% %$O%M%
$!E#ATIN* !#ESSU#E AND #ECYCLE #ATI$ CANN$T
'E #EDUCED 'EL$% A CE#TAIN LE&EL DUE T$
INC#EASED C$(E LAYD$%N
INC#EASIN* TE!E#ATU#ES #EDUCES YIELDS
76
T? #O;"T&O=

T$ *$ IN F$# CC# TY!E #EF$#E#

MCC#N STANDS F$# MC$NTINU$US CATALYST

#E*ENE#ATI$NN
77
A-CA=TAB# O$ ''% 'OMPA%- TO #%

HI*HE# $CTANE
HI*HE# C
C
8 YIELD
HI*HE# H
B
YIELD AND !U#ITY
L$%E# 'ENJENE C$NTENT IN #EF$#ATE
78
''% 'ATA;@#T '&%'";AT&O= 1A<=#5
79
''% 'ATA;@#T '&%'";AT&O= 1"OP5
80
''% 'ATA;@#T ;&$T
81
''% %A'TO%
82
''% %B=%ATO%
PA%A<@;= %'OC%@ "=&T
A-#O%PT&O= P%O'##
84
MOC&=B B-
A=A;OB@ $O% P<
%'OC%@
85
P< %'OC%@ "=&T
<@;= &#OM%&>AT&O= "=&T
87
&#OM%&#AT&O= "=&T
T%A=#-A;K@;AT&O= 6 -&#-
P%OPO%T&O=AT&O= "=&T
89
TA-P "=&T