Epithelium & Glands

Types of Tissue
Epithelial
Tissue
Muscular Tissue
Connective Tissue
Nervous
Tissue
GI Tract (x-section)
Covered by
epithelium
Lined by epithelium
LUMEN
What Is Epithelium?
Cells are in close apposition to each other
Demonstrate polarity
Have a basement membrane
Rapid cell turnover
No blood vessels
Variety of functions
Absorption, secretion,
protection, sensory
perception, transporta-
tion
Types of
Epithelium
Note that epithelia become more complex
and add layers (stratified)
Things are often found
on top of cells as well
Microvilli
Cilia
Usually on pseudostratified
Stereocilia
Pseudostratified or columnar
Keratin
Stratified squamous
To start:-
Simple Squamous Epithelium
Transport (nutrient/gas exchange,
molecules)
Lubrication of organ surfaces
Mesothelium lines external surfaces
(serosal surface)

Endothelium lines internal surfaces
(endothelium or mucosal surface)
Just this thin, one
cell thick layer
is the mesothelium
Blood vessels such
as capillaries and
venules are made
of simple squamous
Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
This type of epithelium often forms ducts,
tubules, & secretory cells as above in kidney
Simple Columnar Epithelium
Absorption (nutrients)
Secretion of mucus, enzymes, etc.
Protection
The different epithelia often add layers and
become stratified such as here - Squamous
Epithelium .This example from vagina does not
have Keratin, so is Nonkeratinized (Use these
descriptors!!!)
While this Stratified Squamous
Epithelium is Keratinized thick skin
Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium
This type of epithelium
Lines middle sized to large
ducts and is therefore
Often involved in
Secretion/absorption
(See, functional aspect)
Stratified Columnar Epithelium
More often than not, it is found lining large ducts
Pseudostratified Columnar
Epithelium
Often has cilia or
stereocilia on surface
Protection, absorption,
secretion
Not all cells reach the
lumen, BUT
All cells touch the BM
Transitional Epithelium
TRANSITIONAL BECAUSE THEY CHANGE THEIR SHAPE IN THE BLADDER
NOW ON TO GLANDS
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Parenchyma
Epithelial cells
containing secretory
granules
Stroma
Glandular Epithelium
Imagine an orange. The peel is the CT stroma, juicy
segments are functioning cells (parenchyma)
Duct
Basic diagram to show disappearance of duct and thus formation of endocrine
gland
Classification of Exocrine Glands
Exocrine means ducts are involved. Not so in endocrine glands

Based on:-
Cell Number

Type of Secretion

Mode of Secretion
Unicellular Glands
GOBLET CELLS
Nucleus in basal portion
Secretory droplets in apical portion
Multicellular Glands
LINING OF THE STOMACH
Majority have ducts
Stomach is exception
Also classified by shape
of secretory unit
THIS LINING FORMS A
NON-DUCTED, MULTICELLULAR
EXOCRINE GLAND
(STOMACH PROTECTION)
These are NOT goblet cells
LOOK CLOSELY AND YOU CAN SEE THAT EACH LINING CELL CONTAINS
MULTIPLE DROPLETS. THE GOBLET CELL CONTAINS ONE
The Acinus (Functional cell group) - FRUIT ANALOGY AGAIN.
IMAGINE A BUNCH OF GRAPES. THE STALKS ARE THE DUCTS
AND CT, THE CLUSTERS OF GRAPES FORM AN ACINUS.
THE GRAPES THEMSELVES MAKE STUFF, THE PARENCHYMA
Types of Secreted Product
Serous Glands
(Peptides/proteins)
-granular
Mucous Glands
- clear
Seromucous Glands
MIXED
Modes of Secretion
Merocrine
Just the
Synthesized
Product is
released
Holocrine Whole cell
is secreted (hair and
Breast)
Apocrine
The product+
The top portion
Of the plasma
membrane is
released
Cord Arrangement
Endocrine Glands - steroids
Follicular Arrangement
Endocrine Glands
ENDOCRINE GLANDS DO NOT HAVE DUCTS,
AS THE PRODUCT (HORMONES) IS RELEASED
THROUGH THE BASE OF THE CELL INTO THE
BLOOD SUPPLY, NOT ONTO A SURFACE LIKE
EXOCRINE

ENDOCRINE TISSUE WILL THEREFORE HAVE
LOTS OF BLOOD VESSELS IN IT, WHILE THE
EXOCRINE TISSUE WILL HAVE DUCTS AND CT.

ENDOCRINE CELLS ARE ARRANGED IN CORDS
OR CLUMPS ALONG AND AROUND VESSELS
When you blush, your
stomach lining also reddens