Jellyfish blooms

Eutrophication
http://www.terrapub.co.jp/onlineproceeding
s/ec/05/pdf/PR_05065.pdf
http://www.terrapub.co.jp/onlineproceeding
s/ec/05/pdf/PR_05065.pdf
http://www.terrapub.co.jp/onlineproceeding
s/ec/05/pdf/PR_05065.pdf
Eutrophication
Eutrophication is defined as "the process of changing the nutritional
status of a given water body by increasing the nutrient resources"
(Richardson & Jorgensen, 1996)
Marine eutrophication can occur as a result of natural processes
such as upwelling and river inflow, however, modern concerns are
centered on 'cultural or anthropogenic eutrophication.
Nutrients are primarily increased in water bodies due to addition of
sewage, to forest cutting and fertilizer use on adjoining land and to
deposition of reactive nitrogen emitted to the atmosphere during
fossil fuel combustion
In eutrophic systems, a high influx of extrinsic nutrients allows very
high primary production. Surplus detrital rain typically leads to
seasonal anoxia of bottom water and sediments with impacts on
benthic and demersal fauna.
Contd...
The most direct effect of eutrophication is the increased availability
of dissolved organic matter (DOM) for uptake by the coelenterates.
Then, when increased nutrients allow increased phytoplankton
production, the coelenterates are affected by decreased oxygen and
light.
Finally, the coelenterates are affected by changes in the abundance
of prey, predators and competitors, and by their responses to
turbidity and hypoxia
Hypoxia
The known effects of hypoxia on pelagic Cnidaria and Ctenophora
have been extensively reviewed by Purcell et al. (2001 b).
Many species are able to survive by avoidance of oxygen-depleted
layers.
Since surface layers are well oxygenated even under eutrophic
conditions, it is to be expected that near-surface holoplanktonic
forms will be able to survive. This applies to hydromedusae like
Aglantha digitale and Liriope tetraphylla, siphonophores such as
Muggiaea atlantica and Lensia spp.,mas well as several
ctenophores.
Species of Scyphozoa such as Aurelia aurita, with benthic stages in
shallow water may also survive in this manner.
There are no recorded blooms in eutrophic waters of
anthomedusae and leptomedusae with hydroids in the littoral zones
or on floating objects.
Contd....
Other species may have at least one stage able to survive hypoxic,
or even temporary anoxic, conditions.
Anaerobic metabolism is often ignored in calculating coelenterate
energy budgets but could be very important to survival in oxygen
depleted water (Arai, 1997 a, b)