Third Analogue Electronics

Operational Amplifiers (Op Amps)
What is an op amp?
An inexpensive, versatile, integrated
circuit that is another basic building
block to electronics (made of resistors
and transistors)
Amplifier that has
Large open loop gain (intrinsic)
Differential input stage, inverting input (-)
and non-inverting input (+)
One output
Uses components in the feedback network
to control the relationship between the
input and output

What does an Op-Amp do?
Performs operations on an input
signal
Amplification
Buffering
Integration/Differentiation
Addition/Subtraction

Open Loop/Closed Loop and
Feedback
Open loop
Very high gain (intrinsic gain)
Poor stability
Open loop gain assumed to be infinite for ideal op amps
Closed loop
Uses feedback to add stability
Reduces gain of the amplifier
Output is applied back into the inverting (-) input
Most amplifiers are used in this configuration

Open loop
gain
Feedback
Vin
Vout
-
+
Golden Rules of Op-Amp Analysis
Rule 1: V
A
= V
B

The output attempts to do whatever is necessary to
make the voltage difference between the inputs zero.
The op-amp looks at its input terminals and swings
its output terminal around so that the external
feedback network brings the input differential to zero.

Rule 2: I
A
= I
B
= 0
The inputs draw no current
The inputs are connected to what is essentially an
open circuit

1) Remove the op-amp from the circuit and
draw two circuits (one for the + and one for
the input terminals of the op amp).
2) Write equations for the two circuits.
3) Simplify the equations using the rules for op
amp analysis and solve for Vout/Vin
Steps in Analyzing Op-Amp Circuits
Why can the op-amp be removed from the circuit?
There is no input current, so the connections at the
inputs are open circuits.
The output acts like a new source. We can replace it
by a source with a voltage equal to Vout.
Ideal Op Amp
Non-inverting Amplifier
Unity-Gain Buffer
Inverting Amplifier
Differential Amplifier
Current-to-Voltage Converter
Non-ideal Op Amp

Ideal Op Amp
1)
( )
0 v
v A v v
+
=
The open-loop gain, A
v
, is very large, approaching infinity.
2) 0 i i
+
= =
The current into the inputs are zero.
+
-
i
+
o
v
v
+
v
DD
V
SS
V
0 SS DD
V v V < < +
Ideal Op Amp with Negative Feedback
+
-
o
v
v
+
v
Network
Golden Rules of Op Amps:
1. The output attempts to do whatever is necessary to
make the voltage difference between the inputs zero.

2. The inputs draw no current.
Ideal Op Amp
Unity-Gain Buffer
Inverting Amplifier
Non-ideal Op Amp

+
-
1
R
2
R
i
v
o
v
v
+
v
o
F
i
v
A
v
=
2
1
1
o
F
i
v R
A
v R
= = +
1
1 2
i o
R
v v v v
R R
+
= = =
+
Closed-loop voltage gain
Ideal Op Amp
Unity-Gain Buffer
Inverting Amplifier
Non-ideal Op Amp

Unity-Gain Buffer
+
-
o
v
v
+
v
i
v
o
F
i
v
A
v
=
1
o
F
i
v
A
v
= =
i o
v v v v
+
= = =
Closed-loop voltage gain
Used as a "line driver" that transforms a high input impedance
(resistance) to a low output impedance. Can provide substantial
current gain.
Ideal Op Amp
Unity-Gain Buffer
Inverting Amplifier
Non-ideal Op Amp

Inverting Amplifier
0 v v
+
= =
1 1
0
i i
i
v v
i
R R
= =
Current into op amp is zero
+
-
1
R
2
R
i
v
o
v
v
+
v
i
i
i
i
0 0
2 2
0
i
v v
i
R R

= =
2
1
o
F
i
v R
A
v R
= =
0
1 2
i
v v
R R
=
Ideal Op Amp
Unity-Gain Buffer
Inverting Amplifier
Non-ideal Op Amp

v v
+
=
1
1
1
v v
i
R

=
Current into op amp is zero
0
1
2
v v
i
R

=
+
-
1
R
2
R
1
v
o
v
v
+
v
1
i
1
i
2
v
1
R
2
R
2
2
1 2
R
v v
R R
+
=
+
0 1
1 2
v v v v
R R
+ +

=
2 2
1 2 2 0
1 2 1 2
1 2
R R
v v v v
R R R R
R R

+ +
=
+
-
1
R
2
R
1
v
o
v
v
+
v
1
i
1
i
2
v
1
R
2
R
2 2
1 2 2 0
1 2 1 2
1 2
R R
v v v v
R R R R
R R

+ +
=
( )
2
2 2 2
0 1 2 2
1 1 2 1 1 2
R R R
v v v v
R R R R R R
= + +
+ +
2 2 2
0 1 2
1 1 2 1
1
R R R
v v v
R R R R
| |
= + +
|
+
\ .
( )
2
0 2 1
1
R
v v v
R
=
Ideal Op Amp
Unity-Gain Buffer
Inverting Amplifier
Non-ideal Op Amp

i f
i i =
0 v v
+
= =
0
0
f F
v i R =
0 i F
v i R =
0
Transresistance
i F
v i R = A A =
+
-
o
v
v
+
v
i
i
F
R
f
i
Photodiode Circuit
25 A per milliwatt of incident radiation
i
i =
6
50 25 10 1.25mA
i
i

= =
Assume 3.2k
F
R = O
3 3
0
1.25 10 3.2 10 4V
i F
v i R

= = =
+
-
o
v
v
+
v
i
i
F
R
f
i
hv
At 50 mW
Ideal Op Amp
Unity-Gain Buffer
Inverting Amplifier
Non-ideal Op Amp

Non-ideal Op Amp
Output voltage is limited by supply voltage(s)
Finite gain (~10
5
)
Limited frequency response
Finite input resistance (not infinite)
Finite output resistance (not zero)
Finite slew rate
Input bias currents
Input bias current offset
Input offset voltage
Finite common mode rejection ratio (CMRR)
0
slew rate ( )
MAX
dv t dt =
Ref:080114HKN Operational Amplifier 24
Non-ideal case (Inverting Amplifier)
+
~
Rf
Ra
Vin
Vo
3 categories are considering

Close-Loop Voltage Gain
Input impedance
Output impedance

Equivalent Circuit
Rf
Ra
Vin
Vo
+
Rt
Ro
Vt
-AVt
+
AVin
Vin
Vout
Zout
~
Zin
Practical op-amp
Close-Loop Gain
Rf
Ra
Vin
Vo
+
Rt
Ro
-AVt
Ra
Rf
Rt
Vt
Vt
Vin
Vo
Applied KCL at V terminal,

0 =
f
o
a
in
R
V V
R
V
R
V V
t
t
t t
By using the open loop gain,
t
AV V
o
=
0 = + + + +
f
o
f
o o
a
o
a
in
AR
V
R
V
AR
V
AR
V
R
V
t

f a
a a f a f
o
a
in
R R AR
R AR R R R R R R
V
R
V
t
t t t
+ + +
=
The Close-Loop Gain, A
v
t t t
t
R AR R R R R R R
R AR
V
V
A
a a f a f
f
in
o
v
+ + +

= =
Close-Loop Gain
When the open loop gain is very large, the above equation become,
a
f
v
R
R
A

~
Note : The close-loop gain now reduce to the same form
as an ideal case
Closed-Loop Gain
2 1
1
1 1
1 2
1
2
1
0
0
1
o
I I
I
o I I
o
I
v
v v
A
v v
i
R R
v
v v i R v R
R
v R
v R
= =
= =
= + = +
= +
Input Impedance
Rf
Ra
Vin
Vo
+
Ro
-AVt
R'
Rt
Vt
Rf
+
Ro
-AVt
if
Vt
Input Impedance can be regarded as,
R R R R
a in
'
+ = //
t
where R' is the equivalent impedance
of the red box circuit, that is
f
i
V
R
t
=
'
However, with the below circuit,
A
R R
i
V
R
R R i AV V
o f
f
o f f
+
+
= =
'
+ =
1
) ( ) (
t
t t
Input Impedance
Finally, we find the input impedance as,
1
1 1

(
(
+
+
+ + =
o f
a in
R R
A
R
R R
t
t
t
R A R R
R R R
R R
o f
o f
a in
) 1 (
) (
+ + +
+
+ =
Since,
t
R A R R
o f
) 1 ( + << + , R
in
become,
) 1 (
) (
~
A
R R
R R
o f
a in
+
+
+
Again with
) 1 ( A R R
o f
+ << +
a in
R R ~
Note: The op-amp can provide an impedance isolated from
input to output
Output Impedance
Only source-free output impedance would be considered,
i.e. V
i
is assumed to be 0
Rf
Ra
Vo
+
Ro
-AVt
Rt
Vt
io
Vt
Vo
Rf
Ra
Rt
+
Ro
-AVt
Vo
i2 i1
(a) (b)
Firstly, with figure (a),
o
f a f a
a
o
a f
a
V
R R R R R R
R R
V V
R R R
R R
V
t t
t
t
t
t
t
+ +
=
+
=
//
//
By using KCL, i
o
= i
1
+ i
2
o
o
f a f
o
o
R
AV V
R R R
V
i
) (
//
t

+
+
=
By substitute the equation from Fig. (a),
t t t
t t
R R A R R R R R R R
R R R R R R R
i
V
R
a f a f a o
f a f a o
o
o
out
) 1 ( ) )( 1 (
) (
is impedance, output The
+ + + + +
+ +
=
R
t
and A comparably large,
a
f a o
out
AR
R R R
R
) (
~
+

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Operational Amplifiers (Op Amps)

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