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John Dalton proposed atomic theory in 1808 to explain laws of chemistry known at the time. He proposed that all matter is composed of tiny indivisible particles called atoms, which differ between elements. In the early 1900s, experiments showed atoms are composed of even smaller subatomic particles - electrons, protons, and neutrons. Ernest Rutherford's gold foil experiment in 1911 led him to propose that atoms have a small, dense nucleus containing protons and neutrons, with electrons in empty space around the nucleus.
John Dalton proposed atomic theory in 1808 to explain laws of chemistry known at the time. He proposed that all matter is composed of tiny indivisible particles called atoms, which differ between elements. In the early 1900s, experiments showed atoms are composed of even smaller subatomic particles - electrons, protons, and neutrons. Ernest Rutherford's gold foil experiment in 1911 led him to propose that atoms have a small, dense nucleus containing protons and neutrons, with electrons in empty space around the nucleus.
John Dalton proposed atomic theory in 1808 to explain laws of chemistry known at the time. He proposed that all matter is composed of tiny indivisible particles called atoms, which differ between elements. In the early 1900s, experiments showed atoms are composed of even smaller subatomic particles - electrons, protons, and neutrons. Ernest Rutherford's gold foil experiment in 1911 led him to propose that atoms have a small, dense nucleus containing protons and neutrons, with electrons in empty space around the nucleus.
Atomic Theory In 1808 John Dalton proposed atomic theory. Daltons theory explained several laws known at the time. Law of conservation of matter Law of definite proportions Law of multiple proportions Daltons Atomic Theory (1808) 1. Elements are made of tiny particles called atoms. 2. Atoms of a given element are identical. 3. Atoms of different elements differ from each other in some fundamental way. Daltons Atomic Theory (1808) 4. Atoms of one element can join with atoms of other elements to form compounds. A given compound is always made of the same elements combined in the same ways. Explains the law of multiple proportions and the law of definite composition.
Daltons Atomic Theory (1808) 5. Atoms are indivisible in chemical reactions. Chemical reactions change how atoms are grouped (bonded) together. Explains the law of conservation of matter. Atomic Theory Daltons proposal lead to much research as to the nature of the atom. In the late 1800s chemists/physicists determined that the atom is made up of smaller, subatomic, particles. Atomic Theory - 1910 ~1896, JJ Thomson demonstrated that atoms can emit negative particles. Called these particles electrons. Since atoms are neutral he also proposed that they must contain positive particles. These + particles were not fully described/named until 1919. Atomic Theory - 1910 ~1910 Lord Kelvin proposed the plum pudding model of the atom. Proposed that electrons were scattered within a cloud/pudding of positive charge. Atomic Theory - 1911 ~1911 an experiment was conducted in Ernest Rutherfords lab that showed the plum pudding model to be incorrect. Experiment was conducted by Geiger and Marsden and the findings interpreted by Rutherford.
See page 84 The gold foil experiment What they did see board What they found see board What Rutherford concluded. Rutherfords Model of the Atom First to propose a nuclear atom. Rutherford proposed that: the atom must have nearly all its mass, and positive charge, in a central nucleus about 10,000 times smaller than the atom itself. Most of the atom is empty space and the electrons are scattered through out this empty space. A New Model of the Atom
Expected based on Plum pudding model
Rutherfords model Based on his results Subatomic Particles Rutherford continued to study the atom and the positive matter of the atom. 1919, + particle named the proton ~1932 James Chadwick proposed the existence of a third subatomic particle, the neutron. Subatomic Particles Subatomic Particle Charge Mass, amu Location in atom Electron (e - ) -1 0 amu Outside of nucleus Proton (p) +1 ~1 amu Nucleus Neutron (n) 0 ~1 amu Nucleus Mass of Subatomic Particles Protons and neutrons have ~ the same mass (in the range of 10 -24 g). Neutrons are slightly heavier. Mass is expressed in amu Atomic mass unit (amu) 1/12 the mass of a carbon-12 atom Mass of Subatomic Particles The mass of the electron is tiny as compared to that of the proton and neutron. Therefore, the electrons mass is considered to be ~0 amu when calculating the mass of an atom. Subatomic Particles and the Elements Each element has a unique number of protons. Number of protons defines the element.
Subatomic Particles and the Elements Since atoms are neutral, for every proton there is a/n _________.
When atoms interact to form compounds, it is their ___________ that intermingle.
Terms Atomic number = number of protons in an atom Also indicates the number of electrons in the atom. Finding atomic number on the periodic table. Terms Mass number = sum of the # of protons and the # neutrons in the nucleus of an atom FOR MOST ELEMENTS THE MASS NUMBER IF NOT ON THE PERIODIC TABLE. You will be given enough information to determine mass number or number of neutrons. Terms Isotopes = atoms of a given element that differ in mass number Isotopes have the same number of _____________. Isotopes differ in the number of _______. Isotopes Writing atomic symbols for isotopes See board and pg 87
FAQ - Isotopes When is mass number found on the periodic table?
Whats the atomic mass? Is it the same as the mass number? Practice Start # 42 on page 110. Ion Formation Ions are formed when atoms gain or lose electrons. Proton and neutron number are unchanged when an ion forms. Ions - Terms Ion charged atom or group of atoms Cation = positively charged ion Metals form cations.
Anion = negatively charged ion Nonmetals form anions. Ions Na atom _____ protons _____ electrons
Na + ion _____ protons _____ electrons
Name of ion: sodium ion Ions Calcium atom _____ protons _____ electrons
Ca 2+ ion _____ protons _____ electrons
Name of ion: calcium ion Ions Sulfur atom _____ protons _____ electrons
S 2- ion _____ protons _____ electrons
Name of ion: sulfide ion Ion Charge and the Periodic Table Group # Ion Charge # e - lost/gained I A 1+ 1 e - lost II A 2+ 2 e - lost III A metals 3+ 3 e - lost V A nonmetals 3- 3 e - gained VI A nonmetals 2- 2 e - gained VII A 1- 1 e - gained Naming Ions Name of a monatomic cation is the name of the element Examples: Ca 2+ calcium ion Al 3+ aluminum ion K +
Naming Ions Monatomic anions are named by changing end of the name of the element to ide Example: S 2- sulfide ion Naming Ions You need to know: N 3- nitride ion P 3- phosphide ion O 2- oxide ion S 2- sulfide ion F - fluoride ion Cl - chloride ion
Br - bromide ion
I - iodide ion
Ionic Compounds Structure In an ionic compound there is a regular arrangement of oppositely charged particles. Ions are arranged in a 3-D crystalline structure that maximizes attractive forces and minimizes repulsive forces. Also called a lattice structure See page 102 Ionic Compounds Physical Properties all are related to the structure of the compounds Solids at room temperature Relatively high melting and boiling points No vapor pressure Meaning they dont evaporate Electrolytes Conduct electricity when melted or dissolved in water Ionic Compounds The chemical formula for an ionic compound represents the lowest, whole number ratio of the component ions that has a net charge of zero. Total positive charge = total negative charge
Ionic Compounds Name the compound by naming the ions.
Ionic Compounds Writing formulas for and naming binary ionic compounds Magnesium oxide
Ionic Compounds Magnesium oxide The formula is the simplest ratio of ions that have a net charge of zero. Ions present: Mg 2+ and O 2-
Formula:
Ionic Compounds Magnesium chloride The formula is the simplest ratio of ions that have a net charge of zero. Ions present: Mg 2+ and _____
Formula:
Ionic Compounds Practice Note we are currently applying the content of 4.11 and 5.2 (type I binary ionic compounds) Types I Binary Compounds Compound between a metal and a nonmetal Metal forms only one ion Name the cation and then the anion. Name of the cation is the name of the element Name of the anion is the name of the nonmetal with the ending changed to ide Monoatomic cations to know Group # Charge on ion examples IA +1 Na 1+ sodium (ion) K 1+ potassium (ion) IIA +2 Mg 2+ magnesium (ion) IIIA metals +3 Al 3+ aluminum (ion) Monoatomic anions to know Group # Charge on ion examples VA -3 N 3- nitride (ion) P 3- phosphide (ion) VIA -2 O 2- oxide (ion) S 2- sulfide VIIA -1 F 1- fluoride (ion) Cl 1- chloride (ion) Br 1- bromide (ion) I 1- iodide (ion) Practice Name chemical formula