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The document discusses various concepts related to structuring strength training programs including: microcycles, mesocycles, macrocycles, training sessions, training load and restoration time. It provides examples of weekly microcycle plans focusing on strength, explosive strength and plyometrics. It emphasizes the importance of periodization, balancing workload, and allowing for adequate recovery between intensive training sessions.
The document discusses various concepts related to structuring strength training programs including: microcycles, mesocycles, macrocycles, training sessions, training load and restoration time. It provides examples of weekly microcycle plans focusing on strength, explosive strength and plyometrics. It emphasizes the importance of periodization, balancing workload, and allowing for adequate recovery between intensive training sessions.
The document discusses various concepts related to structuring strength training programs including: microcycles, mesocycles, macrocycles, training sessions, training load and restoration time. It provides examples of weekly microcycle plans focusing on strength, explosive strength and plyometrics. It emphasizes the importance of periodization, balancing workload, and allowing for adequate recovery between intensive training sessions.
Naeima khajavi, TBI Director, Faculty of Azad University Conditioning
coach & Lecture 1. How to space the work and rest intervals. Basically.how often do I work out?
2. How to sequence exercises. What exercises should I use? When should I use them? Timing in strength training is probably the element of strength coaching/training that requires the most knowledge and experience. It is also the part of coaching/strength training where individualization play the largest part. Some athletes will get burned out.or make greater gains with certain types of setups. A good coach will have a good idea of what each athlete needs in terms of workload. These are very important! They make up the basic scheme of almost any training program, from powerlifting to cross country running. Training Session Training Day Microcycle Mesocycle Macrocycle Olympic Cycle/Multiyear Training The training session is the smallest unit of training. It is often referred to as a workout The technical definition according to the book is: A workout period comprising rest periods no longer than 30 minutes. A training session does not equal one training day There may be many training sessions within one training day This lifting schedule is a good example of the higher work capacity of elite athletes who have been training a long time Training load of one workout Restoration Time (hr) Extreme 72 Large 48-72 Substantial 24-48 Medium 12-24 Small >12 Generally speaking, more workouts that distribute the workload will be more effective and allow more recovery than having less workouts but trying to put a large amount of work in those workouts. Division I programs will often have lifting workouts in the mornings, and then sport practices later on in the day. Division III schools often dont have the luxury of doing this because their sport time commitment is not as great. The grouping of several training days Usually a week long but can be different depending on the competition schedule of the athlete.
Microcycle Focus: STRENGTH Monday: Conditioning/Static Strength Tuesday: Explosive Strength/Plyometrics Wednesday: Rest Thursday: Conditioning/Static Strength Friday: Explosive Strength/Plyometrics Saturday: Conditioning Sunday: Rest 9:00 AM Weightlifting Squat Variation (4x5 @ 77.5% T-Max) Bench Press Variation (4x5 @ 77.5% T-Max) Romanian Deadlift (Hamstrings) (4x5) Pullup Variation (4x5) Body Curls (3x10) (core) 3:00 PM Conditioning 15x50 yd sprints @ 90% effort with 30 rest 4x100 yd sprints @ 85% effort with 1 rest 1x GS circuit Pedestal 2x10 each For an active rest day, light sport activity or light cross training might be encouraged. An example of this would be shooting around in basketball, or going for a 20 minute jog in the woods with a partner. 9:00 AM Oly Variation #1 (Cleans from Floor) 6x3 @ 70% Oly Variation #2 (Push Jerks) 6x3 @ 70% 3:00 PM Cone Hops: 3x25 (1 rest) Low Box to Box: 3x5 boxes (2 rest) Standing Triple Jump x 3 (2 rest) Medicine 10lb Ball Toss for Height 2x8 (2 rest)
9:00 AM Weightlifting Squat Variation (3x8 @ 75% T-Max) Bench Press Variation (3x8 @ 75% T-Max) Glute-Ham Raise (Hamstrings) (3x10) Pullup Variation (3x10) Windshield Wipers (3x10) (core) 3:00 PM Conditioning 10 x suicide sprints @ 90% effort with 45 rest 4x100 yd sprints @ 85% effort with 1 rest 1x GS circuit Waterloo 2x10 each
9:00 AM Oly Variation #1 (Snatch from Hang) 6x3 @ 70% Oly Variation #2 (Hang Clean and Jerk) 6x3 @ 70% 3:00 PM Heidens: 3x20 (1 rest) Hurdle Hops: 3x5 (2 rest) Standing 5 Jumps x 3 (2 rest) Medicine 10lb Ball Toss for Distance 2x8 (2 rest)
8x100m with 10 pushups and 30 seconds rest in between. A Mesocycle is a system of several microcycles The typical duration is one month, although it can be anywhere from 2 to 6 weeks. An example of this would be Westside Barbell having very short mesocycles as they change their exercises every 2 weeks. The average mesocycle will typically be 3 microcycles of increasing intensity and then a recovery microcycle totaling 4 weeks. 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 1 2 3 4 Training Load Week: Accumulative Increasing the athletes motor potential. Increasing non-specific fitness Transmutative Turning that potential into sport specific fitness Realizational Peaking mesocycles. Used to reach the highest possible level of sport performance
I am training a 100m dash sprinter in track and field. At the beginning of the season I will use accumulative mesocycles with the focus of increasing top end speed. I might use some overspeed training over the course of 30 meters to accomplish this. After I have gained the non-specific gains in fitness (better top end speed over a short distance) I will use a transmutative mesocycle focusing on longer sprints at full effort (2x120m at 97%) to transform the speed gained into competition speed. Refers to one entire competitive season A macrocycle is filled with mesocycles Mesocycles are filled with microcycles Microcycles are filled with training sessions
An olympic cycle is 4 years in length In an olympic cycle, the first 3 years might be high volume, with the last year possibly being a bit lower in volume. Florida State Example Short term planning refers to planning micro and meso cycles Medium term planning refers to planning the macrocycle Long term planning refers to planning training over many years.for example the Russian sport system. 90% of coaches dont get past short term planning.personal observation The goal of short term planning is to effectively manage fatigue Training sessions should be designed so that CNS intensive work is done fairly fresh. A general principle of short term planning is also the fact that fatigue effects from different types of work are fairly specific. An example of this would be: I probably couldnt have 2 days of ME bench press in a week, the CNS fatigue would be too great. However, I still can have a good RE bench pressing workout later on in the week after my ME session, because the fatigue left over from that day is specific to heavier weight and lower reps, so I can still have a good submaximal workout. Since the effects of a certain exercise can be specific to that movement, it is a good idea to use different exercises over the course of the week. For example, I might do an ME flat bench press on Monday and then an RE incline dumbbell press on Friday. If you perform two training sessions consecutively that train similar qualities, the traces of fatigue from those two exercises will be superposed on each other, or in simpler terms, stacked. This will lead to a very high level of fatigue. So for example, I wouldnt want to max out in squat 2 workouts in a row, unless I wanted to walk down the stairs on my hands the next couple days. Each mesocycle should have a training focus. If you try to improve too many abilities in a single mesocycle, the body will not know what to adapt to. A common saying in training: Maintain your strengths while you focus on your weaknesses. There are many motor abilities which can aim to be increased by training. These can include: Max Strength Hypertrophy Explosive Strength Reactive Strength (plyos) Speed Alactic Conditioning Lactic Conditioning Aerobic Conditioning In any given cycle, no more than 2 of these abilities should be focused on. Whatever 2 are being focused on should comprise about 70 to 80% of the training in that cycle. The other 20-30% can be used to maintain the other qualities. Max Strength Hypertrophy Explosive Strength Reactive Strength (plyos) Speed Alactic Conditioning Lactic Conditioning Aerobic Conditioning
The general idea in planning strength training is to have the athlete do as much work as possible while being as fresh as possible. Unlike training for an endurance event, in strength training, it is not necessary for the athlete to walk out of the weight room exhausted. They actually shouldnt be exhausted walking out of the weight room. This doesnt mean that an individual set cannot be tiring. The total amount of sets in the training of weightlifters has not changed in the last 50 years, but the length of the workouts have increased. Sport science has proven that the distribution of training volume into smaller units produces a more effective training stimulus for the nervous system. When lifting heavy weights, rest periods are often 4 to 5 minutes long. Even if you dont feel tired when only resting a minute or two between heavy sets, it is better anyways for your CNS to take a longer recovery.
Lifting weights at the T-Max take around 10 minutes of recovery afterwards, because of the large toll that is taken on the CNS. Include main sport exercises before assistance exercises Dont do arm curls and shoulder shrugs first Use dynamic, power-type drills before slow exercises, such as squats Do olympic lifts first. This is a general statement, there are some cases where doing a sequence, such as deadlift-clean-snatch can be beneficial due to CNS potentiation. Exercise the larger muscle groups before the smaller ones The heaviest sets should be early in the workout. If you are doing max effort work (ME) you dont want to wait until the end of the workout to do it. Take Joe DeFrancos max effort day workout for example. It might be a good idea to do some flexibility work between heavy resistance training sessions to help speed up recovery and prevent a loss of flexibility. A special strength workout is one that is done outside of the teams regular practice time. (In team sports) For example, a regular strength workout would be one that you do right after practice. A special strength workout is one done outside of practice. Sports requiring high maximal strength levels will benefit from special rather than regular strength work. The timing of heavy resistance protocols in cycling workouts is dominated by two main ideas: Allowing enough recovery between exercise periods Finding the right balance between the steadiness of a training stimulus. (When do I change exercises? I need to have them around long enough to cause adaptation, but need to switch enough to promote the principle of variety) In order to allow adequate recovery in training, exercises in consecutive training sessions should minimally involve the same muscle groups. It would not be a good idea to have two consecutive workouts using the snatch lift exercise.
The recovery time of an exercise varies with the size of a muscle It will take much longer for a large muscle group such as quads and glutes to recover than a small muscle group, such as the calves or forearms. These small muscle groups might only take 12 hours or less to recover. A large muscle group such as the quadriceps will take at least 48 hours to recover from a tough workout.
The use of large multi joint exercises are not used very often in a training week. Squatting 3 times a week would be extremely taxing on an athlete. Olympic lifters typically only squat about twice a week in their lifting programs with about 72-96 hours recovery between sessions. When working with athletes whos sport is not just lifting, and they actually have to go to practice as well, It might be a good idea to squat even less than this (once a week). In many sports, squats are dropped from the training program 10 to 12 days before important competitions.
Sometimes experienced athletes will use stress microcycles to try to break through a plateau in their training. A stress microcycle is a microcycle where more training is put into the week than the athlete can recover from immediately. The gains from one of these microcycles will be seen in the weeks after the stress microcycle.
Planning the macrocycle can also be referred to as periodization Periodization refers to the changing of exercises, training loads, and methods during pre-season and in-season training. This needs to be done in a training year. If the same training is applied the whole year the athlete will likely level off early and find staleness in their training later in the year. 2 authors of classical periodization are Tudor Bompa and the Russian, Matveyev. Typical periodization will have: Higher volume, low intensity exercises early in the year. Lower volume, and higher intensity exercises later in the training year. Some sort of conversion to power phase before the competitive season. Delayed Transformation Delayed Transmutation Training Residuals The superposition of training effects A very important training concept What delayed transformation means is that during periods of strenuous training, athletes cannot achieve the best performance results. This occurs for two main reasons. It takes time to adapt to a training stimulus Hard work induces fatigue that will accumulate over time. A period of relatively easy exercise is needed to realize the effect of the previous training sessions. 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 T h e o r e t i c a l
U n i t s
Training Weeks Training Load Performance The period where the training load is reduced, and the performance begins to rise is the period of delayed transformation So, once again, if I train hard with weights and sprints for a few months, I might notice my sprint speed in the 40 yd dash decrease. Once the season nears, I decide to ease back on my training. What I will find is that my performance in the 40 will improve as I ease back on my training. Typically about 2-6 weeks. Average time is 4 weeks, or one mesocycle. This mesocycle is sometimes called the realization or precompetition mesocycle.
This is similar to the conversion to power phase of Tudor Bompas training scheme. DT refers to the use to specific exercises to turn the non-specific work done in the offseason to specific power that can be used in the competitive season! I spent much of the off-season lifting weights and doing hill work. My event is sprinting. To produce delayed transmutation, I will do a lot of bounding and sprint work on the track to transform my non-specific gains (strength/hills) to specific gains (sprint speed) The training content (exercises) and training load should vary over the entire season. Training cycles need to follow one another in a certain fashion Accumulation Transmutation (transfer to sport specific) Peaking
When an athlete stops strength training, the process of detraining occurs. The rate that an athlete will lose strength is dependant on a few factors Duration of the immediately preceding period of training (accumulation period) Training experience of athletes Targeted motor abilities Amount of specific training loads during detraining Generally speaking, the longer the period of training, the longer the training effects gained from that period will stick around during detraining loads. Soon ripe/Soon rotten More mature/experienced athletes will experience detraining at a slower rate than novices. Mature athletes can often achieve good results after relatively short periods of retraining.
Once the special training ceases, different training benefits are lost at different rates. Perhaps the most applicable part of this theory would be that of performance gains made because of neuromuscular efficiency, and gains made because of muscular hypertrophy. Structural gains last longer than CNS based gains. Sometimes, it might be good to only put specific training loads into a training program in amounts that will allow that quality to be maintained, or lost at a slow rate. For example, a coach might keep a little bit of max strength training style training in the program during the competitive season (5x2 @ 90% 1RM) twice a week to keep the athletes from losing max strength) Varying training loads and content over the course of a year is necessary for athletic success Although targeted motor abilities can reach high levels at the end of the training year, non-targeted, or early targeted motor abilities can fall to very poor levels towards the end of the training year. I am training over the course of the year to improve my speed and explosiveness for x- team sport. Early in the year I focus my training on a large volume of strength training, but as the season progresses, I taper off the strength training and focus on speed. The problem here as, although my speed will increase at the end of the year, I will have neglected my strength for a large enough period of time that it has decreased significantly. New planning is based around the cycling back and forth of different motor ability emphasis over the course of the training year.
Think, in this case of moving back and forth between training emphasis in mesocycles throughout the year, with stimulating and retaining loads (not detraining loads). According to myself.a hybrid of the classical version and the newer version might be the best way to go. Ill provide an example of what I am talking about with some training schemes. Lets say we are shooting for increasing our explosiveness and jumping ability for track and field. Motor ability A is maximal strength (weights) Motor ability B is plyometric strength Monday: weights Tuesday: plyometrics Wednesday: active rest Thursday: weights Friday: plyometrics Saturday: active rest Sunday: rest Lets say this is our basic training template for the whole year, for this example. Lets say that the following represents a retaining training load for each type of training: Strength (M/R) Cleans 2x5 @ 80% Squats 2x5 @ 80% Step ups 2x5 @ 80% Plyometrics (T/F) Max jumps for height: x3 Bounding: 75m total Hurdle Hops: 2x5 hurdles
Now lets say we wanted to focus on the mesocycle to be on stimulating strength, but retaining plyometric ability. Here is what that might look like: Strength (M/R) Cleans 4x5 @ 80% Squats 5x5 @ 80% Step ups 3x5 @ 80% Plyometrics (T/F) Max jumps for height: x3 Bounding: 75m total Hurdle Hops: 2x5 hurdles
Now lets say we wanted to focus on the mesocycle to be on stimulating plyometric ability, but retaining strength. Here is what that might look like: Strength (M/R) Cleans 2x5 @ 80% Squats 2x5 @ 80% Step ups 2x5 @ 80% Plyometrics (T/F) Max Jumps x 8 Bounding 200m Hurdle Hops 6x5 hurdles