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The document discusses air pollution and its causes and effects. It defines air pollution as the presence of harmful air contaminants in sufficient quantities to negatively impact human health, plants, animals or property. It then discusses the major sources of air pollution including emissions from vehicles, power plants, industrial facilities and other sources. Several key air pollutants are identified such as particulate matter, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides and others. The health and environmental effects of exposure to these pollutants are also summarized.
The document discusses air pollution and its causes and effects. It defines air pollution as the presence of harmful air contaminants in sufficient quantities to negatively impact human health, plants, animals or property. It then discusses the major sources of air pollution including emissions from vehicles, power plants, industrial facilities and other sources. Several key air pollutants are identified such as particulate matter, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides and others. The health and environmental effects of exposure to these pollutants are also summarized.
The document discusses air pollution and its causes and effects. It defines air pollution as the presence of harmful air contaminants in sufficient quantities to negatively impact human health, plants, animals or property. It then discusses the major sources of air pollution including emissions from vehicles, power plants, industrial facilities and other sources. Several key air pollutants are identified such as particulate matter, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides and others. The health and environmental effects of exposure to these pollutants are also summarized.
Do unto others as you would have them do unto you Hazrat Isa (A.S) Air Pollution 2 Air Pollution The presence in the atmosphere of one or more air contaminants in sufficient quantities and of such characteristics and duration as to be injurious to human, plant, or animal life, to health, or to property, or to unreasonably interfere with the enjoyment of life or property Air Pollution 3 The Atmosphere Air Pollution 4 Composition of the Atmosphere Air Pollution 5 Air Pollutant An air pollutant can be considered as a substance in the air that, in high enough concentrations, produces a detrimental environmental effect
Air Pollution 6 Environmental Effect An environmental effect is defined as a measurable or perceivable detrimental change resulting from contact with an air pollutant
Air Pollution 7 Ambient Air Ambient air is the air to which the general public has access, i.e. any unconfined portion of the atmosphere Ambient concentration The appropriately time averaged concentration of a substance at a location to which the general public has access Air Pollution 8 Air Pollutants The two basic physical forms of air pollutants are Particulate Matter Gases Carbon Monoxide (CO) Sulfur Dioxide (SO 2 ) Nitrogen Dioxides (NO 2 ) Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)
Air Pollution 9 Particulate Matter A criteria air pollutant Particulate matter includes dust, soot, and other tiny bits of solid materials that are released into and move around in the air Particulates are produced by many sources burning of diesel fuels by trucks and buses incineration of garbage mixing and application of fertilizers and pesticides road construction industrial processes such as steel making, mining operations agricultural burning (field and slash burning) fireplaces and woodstoves Particulate pollution can cause eye, nose, and throat initiation and other health problems
Air Pollution 10 Particulate Matter Air Pollution 11 Relative Size of Particles Air Pollution 12 PM 10, 2.5, 0.1 Air Pollution 13 Types and Sources of Air Pollution A primary pollutant is one that is emitted into the atmosphere directly from the source of the pollutant and retains the same chemical form A secondary pollutant is one that is formed by atmospheric reactions of precursor or primary emissions. Secondary pollutants undergo a chemical change once they reach the atmosphere
Air Pollution 15 Dust Storm over Southwestern Asia The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on NASAs Terra satellite captured this natural-color image on March 20, 2012 Air Pollution 16 Man Made Sources (Anthropogenic) Mobile Sources Automobiles Trains Aero planes
Stationary Sources (Non Moving Sources) Power Plants Industrial Facilities
Air Pollution 17 Criteria Pollutants The criteria pollutants are Carbon Monoxide (CO) Sulfur Oxides (SO x ) Nitrogen Oxides (NO x ) Ozone (O 3 ) Lead (Pb) Particulate Matter (PM)
Air Pollution 18 Carbon Monoxide (CO) Carbon monoxide (CO) is a colorless, odorless, poisonous gas slightly lighter than air produced through the incomplete combustion of carbon operations of internal combustion engines, such as automobiles CO enters the bloodstream and reduces the delivery of oxygen to the bodys organs and tissues most serious for people with cardiovascular disease Exposures to elevated carbon monoxide concentrations are associated with impairment of visual perception, work capacity, manual dexterity, learning ability, and performance of complex tasks Air Pollution 19 Sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ) Sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ) is a corrosive, poisonous gas produced in power plants, particularly use high-sulfur coal as a fuel SO 2 and oxides of nitrogen after being released into the atmosphere, can be chemically converted into sulfates and nitrates may later be deposited on the ground in the form of so-called acid rain or snow At high concentrations, SO 2 affects breathing and produces respiratory illness alterations in the defenses of the lungs aggravation of existing respiratory and cardiovascular disease Sulfur dioxide can also produce damage on trees and agricultural crops Air Pollution 20 Nitrogen Dioxide (NO 2 ) Nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ) is produced when fuels are burned at high temperatures main sources are transportation vehicles and power plants NO and NO 2 are inhaled, they can irritate the lungs and lower resistance to respiratory infections such as influenza continued or frequent exposure to high concentrations causes increased incidence of acute respiratory disease in children Nitrogen oxides are also an important precursor of both ozone and acidic precipitation may affect both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems limit for nitrogen dioxide is also designed to support the limit for ozone Air Pollution 21 Ozone (O 3 ) Ozone (O 3 ) is formed in the atmosphere as a result of chemical reactions between oxides of nitrogen and volatile organic compounds, such as hydrocarbons (HCs) If inhaled, damages lung tissue reduces lung function sensitizes the lungs to other irritants Scientific evidence indicates that ambient levels of ozone not only affect people with impaired respiratory systems, such as asthmatics, but healthy adults and children Specific effects, particularly at elevated concentrations, include eye and lung irritation Ozone is also responsible for several billion dollars of agricultural crop loss in the United States each year. Air Pollution 22 Lead (Pb) Lead (Pb) is a heavy, comparatively soft metal used as an additive to gasoline household paint shotgun pellets stained-glass windows When taken into the body, it accumulates in the blood, bones, and soft tissues Because it is not readily excreted, it also affects the kidneys, liver, nervous system, and blood-forming organs Excess exposure may cause neurological impairments such as seizures, mental retardation, and/or behavioral disorders. Air Pollution 23 Particulate Matter Particulates are solids or liquids produced by the combustion of fuel in stationary power plants diesel-powered vehicles various industrial processes produced by plowing and burning of agricultural fields If particulates are inhaled, they can lead to respiratory symptoms aggravate existing respiratory cardiovascular disease alter the defenses of the body against foreign materials, damage lung tissue, and produce latent cancers and premature mortality. Air Pollution 24 National Primary US Air Quality Standards Air Pollution 25 Table 1: Sources, Health and Welfare Effects for Criteria Pollutants. Pollutant Description Sources Health Effects Welfare Effects Carbon Monoxide (CO) Colorless, odorless gas Motor vehicle exhaust, indoor sources include kerosene or wood burning stoves. Headaches, reduced mental alertness, heart attack, cardiovascular diseases, impaired fetal development, death. Contribute to the formation of smog. Sulfur Dioxide (SO 2 ) Colorless gas that dissolves in water vapor to form acid, and interact with other gases and particles in the air. Coal-fired power plants, petroleum refineries, manufacture of sulfuric acid and smelting of ores containing sulfur. Eye irritation, wheezing, chest tightness, shortness of breath, lung damage. Contribute to the formation of acid rain, visibility impairment, plant and water damage, aesthetic damage. Nitrogen Dioxide (NO 2 ) Reddish brown, highly reactive gas. Motor vehicles, electric utilities, and other industrial, commercial, and residential sources that burn fuels. Susceptibility to respiratory infections, irritation of the lung and respiratory symptoms (e.g., cough, chest pain, difficulty breathing). Contribute to the formation of smog, acid rain, water quality deterioration, global warming, and visibility impairment. Ozone (O 3 ) Gaseous pollutant when it is formed in the troposphere. Vehicle exhaust and certain other fumes. Formed from other air pollutants in the presence of sunlight. Eye and throat irritation, coughing, respiratory tract problems, asthma, lung damage. Plant and ecosystem damage. Lead (Pb) Metallic element Metal refineries, lead smelters, battery manufacturers, iron and steel producers. Anemia, high blood pressure, brain and kidney damage, neurological disorders, cancer, lowered IQ. Affects animals and plants, affects aquatic ecosystems. Particulate Matter (PM) Very small particles of soot, dust, or other matter, including tiny droplets of liquids. Diesel engines, power plants, industries, windblown dust, wood stoves. Eye irritation, asthma, bronchitis, lung damage, cancer, heavy metal poisoning, cardiovascular effects. Visibility impairment, atmospheric deposition, aesthetic damage. Air Pollution 26 Perfect Combustion Air Pollution 27 Incomplete Combustion Air Pollution 28 Emissions Air Pollution 29 Anthropogenic Sources (Man-Made Sources) Mobile Sources On-Road Sources Non-Road Sources Stationary Sources Point Source Area Source Air Pollution 30 Mobiles Sources Responsible for more than half of the air pollution cars are primary source vehicles produce 75-90% less pollution for each mile driven than their 1970 counterpart no. of vehicles have increased immensely
Mobile Sources Pollutants 45% VOC emissions 50% NOx emissions 60% CO emissions 50% hazardous air pollutants in urban air
Air Pollution 31 Mobile Sources Air Pollution 32 Air Quality Index The Air Quality Index (AQI), also known as the Air Pollution Index (API) or Pollutant Standard Index (PSI) is an index for reporting daily air quality
Air Pollution 33 How does the AQI work? Think of the AQI as a yardstick that runs from 0 to 500. The higher the AQI value, the greater the level of air pollution and the greater the health concern
An AQI value of 100 generally corresponds to the national air quality standard for the pollutant, which is the level EPA has set to protect public health
Air Pollution 34 Air Pollution 35 Air Quality Index Levels of Health Concern Numerical Value Meaning Good 0-50 Air quality is considered satisfactory, and air pollution poses little or no risk. Moderate 51-100 Air quality is acceptable; however, for some pollutants there may be a moderate health concern for a very small number of people who are unusually sensitive to air pollution. Unhealthy for Sensitive Groups 101-150 Members of sensitive groups may experience health effects. The general public is not likely to be affected. Unhealthy 151-200 Everyone may begin to experience health effects; members of sensitive groups may experience more serious health effects. Very Unhealthy 201-300 Health alert: everyone may experience more serious health effects. Hazardous > 300 Health warnings of emergency conditions. The entire population is more likely to be affected. Air Pollution 36 Green House Gases Air Pollution 37 Carbon Dioxide Water Vapors Methane Nitrous Oxide Chlorofloro Carbons CFCs Ozone Acid Rain / Acid Deposition Acid deposition occurs when emissions of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides in the atmosphere react with water, oxygen, and oxidants to form acidic compounds These compounds fall to the earth in either dry form (gas and particles) known as Dry Deposition or wet form (rain, snow, and fog) known as Wet Deposition
Duration of the reaction It takes days or weeks for atmospheric SOx and NOx to be converted to acids and deposited on the earth's surface, acid deposition occurs in a multistate scale hundreds of miles away from its sources
Air Pollution 38 World Health Day 2012 Air Pollution 39 Thank You Air Pollution 40