Presentations On Educational Bio-Medical

Engineering Project:

Muhammad Sikander Khan Lodhi
16/june/2014
Link www.scribd.com/guidebio-medicaleng1

Other link http://www.ssuet.edu.pk/~BMED/courses.php

Project Overview
Well this Educational project is about, Like a search
engine, Like google in which student search any theory
which are teach in bio-medical engineering program.

Goal of this projects is to give Bio-Medical Engineering
students a tutorial guide over all the undergraduate bio-
medical engineering courses, Plus its aim is to become a
largest search engine like Google for searching bio-
medical engineering theory which is easy to learn as
compare to complex course text books .

Well the scope of this project is wider, which will
focusing on tutorial support for students plus in future it
will become a largest industry like Google search
engine , might be it become a largest search engine for
Undergraduate Bio-medical engineering students.

Current Status
What progress has been made since its foundations in 2009?
o Well, currently its under development process since 2009 when it were
founded very first time.
o Well, the main issue in this projects is the speed and editing problem
in the MS office files, and the second issue is the preparations of
theoretical notes from course text books and then editing in MS office file!

What do the student found in this search engine:
Calculus
Linear Algebra + BASIC
MATHEMATICS-I
Digital Computation and
Programming (C/C++)
Electric Circuits (CIRCUIT-
ANALYSIS)
Physics: Mechanics
Biology I
Statics and Mechanics of Materials
Digital Systems (DLD-I & II)
Differential Equations and Vector
Calculus
Physiology (PHYSIOLOGY -I & II)
Biomechanics
Biomaterials
Electronics and Sensors
(OPERATIONAL-
AMPLIFIER)+BIOMEDICAL
ELECTRONICS
Anatomy
Digital Signal Processing
What do the student found in this search engine:
Microprocessor Systems
Control Systems

Biomedical Instrumentation-I

Biostatistics

Biomedical Image Analysis

Biomedical Signal Analysis

Fluid Mechanics
BIOPHYSICS
BIOCHEMISTRY
BIOMEDICAL ELECTRONICS
POWER ELECTRONICS
NUMERICAL ANALYSIS
APPLICATION OF ROBOTICS IN
BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING
NEUROSCIENCE & NETWORKS
MEDICAL IMAGING
Detail
Calculus: Functions and their types, left hand and right hand limits, continuous functions. Differentiability, applications of derivatives, Rolle's
theorem, mean value theorems, maxima and minima of a function of a single variable (applied problems), differentials with applications, asymptotes,
tangents and normals, curvature and radius of curvature, curve sketching. Evaluation of limits using L' Hospital's rule. Applications. Techniques of
integration, integration by substitution, by parts and by partial fractions, integration of trigonometric functions, Riemann sums and definite integrals,
fundamental theorem of integral calculus, improper integrals. Gamma and beta functions, applications of integration. Limits & continuity of several
variables, partial derivatives, chain rule, Taylor's theorem for functions of two variables (without proof), maxima and minima of functions of two
variables. Lagrange's multipliers. Jacobians, double integrals, change of order, conversion to polar form, applications. Review of vector algebra, scalar
and vector products of three and four vectors, volume of parallelopipeds and tetrahedrons, conics, parametric equations, rectangular, spherical and
cylindrical coordinate systems in three dimensions, direction cosines, plane, straight line and sphere.
Linear Algebra: Systems of linear equations and matrices. Determinants. Vector spaces. Inner product spaces. Eigenvalues and eigenvectors.









Detail
BASIC MATHEMATICS : Review of basic concepts, operations on matrices and their properties. Special matrices,
row/column operations, echelon and reduced echelon forms of a matrix, rank of a matrix. Solution of a system of linear equations
by Cramer, Gauss elimination and Gauss-Jordan methods. Inverse of a matrix by Gauss-Jordan method.Formation, order, degree
and linearity of differential equations. Methods of solutions of ordinary differential equations of the first order and first degree.
Higher order homogeneous and non-homogeneous linear equations with constant coefficients, auxiliary equations, complementary
functions. Various methods for finding particular integrals, Cauchy-Euler equations.Periodic functions and expansion of periodic
functions in Fourier series. Expansion of functions with arbitrary periods.Odd and even functions and their Fourier series. Half-
range expansions.Basic concepts and formation of partial differential equations, linear homogeneous equations and their relations
to ordinary differential equations, solution of first order linear differential equations, two dimensional wave equations,
D'AIembert's solution of the wave equation.
Digital Computation and Programming (C/C++) : The C programming language is used to develop good
programming techniques. Topics covered include: C program form, language statements, pseudo-code algorithmic
representation, numeric data types, flow of control with selection and repetition, standard C libraries, functions
and call modes, arrays, pointers, sorting, matrix operations, character and string data types, dynamic storage,
structures and linked lists, file I/O.

detail
Electric Circuits (CIRCUIT-ANALYSIS): The RLC Circuit : The Source Free Series & Parallel RLC Circuit, the overdamped, underdamped, and
critically damped RLC Circuits, the complete response of RLC Circuit, the Lossless LC Circuit.The Sinusoidal Steady State Response : Nodal, Mesh & loop
analysis, AC source Transformation, Thevenin's, Norton's, reciprocity & compensation theorems.Complex Frequency : Introduction to complex
frequency, damped sinusoidal forcing function, Z(s) & Y(s), frequency response as a function of s, Complex frequency plane, natural response & the S-
Plane, Synthesizing the voltage ratio H(s)=Vout Vin. Sealing & Bode Diagrams.General Two Port Networks: Introduction, admittance parameters, some
equivalent networks, impedance parameters, hybrid parameters, transmission parameters.Fourier Analysis & Fourier Transforms : Trigonometric form
of Fourier series, the use of symmetry, Complete Response to periodic Forcing Functions, Complex Form of Fourier Series. Definition of Fourier
Transform, some properties of Fourier Transform, the Unit-Impulse Function, Fourier Transform of a General Periodic Time Function. Convolution &
Circuit Response in the Time Domain, the system Function and Response in the Frequency Domain, the Physical significance of the system
function.Laplace Transform Techniques: Definition of Laplace Transform, Convolution Time-Shift and Periodic Functions. Shifting, Differentiation,
Integration and Scaling in the Frequency Domain. The Transfer function H(s). The Complete Response.
Digital Systems (DLD-I & II): Boolean algebra: Boolean Algebra & Logic Gates, Boolean Functions, Canonical & Standard Forms, Digital Logic
Gates. Digital Logic Families: RTL & DTL Circuits, Integrated Injection Logic, Transistor-Transistor Logic, Emitter Coupled Logic, MOS & CMOS.
Simplification of Boolean Functions: Map Method, NAND & NOR Implementation, Don't Care Conditions, the Tabulation Method. Combinational Logic:
Design procedure, adders, subtractors, code conversion, analysis procedure, multilevel NAND & NOR circuits, exclusive-OR & equivalence functions.
Binary parallel adder, decimal adder, magnitude comparator, decoder, multiplexer, programmable logic array. Sequential Logic Circuits: Flip flop,
triggering of flip-flop, state reduction & assignment, design procedure, design of counters, design of state condition. Registers, Counters and the Memory
Unit; Inter-register transfer, shift register, conditional control statements, overflow, decimal & floating point data, non decimal data, Modulus N
counters, memories, ROM, EPROM, PROM and RAM, dynamic RAM. Interfacing of logic families: Introduction to TTL logic family, Comparison of TTL
and CMOS logic familieslogic levels, current, voltage and loading parameters, output types (open collector, tri-state), Interfacing of TTL with CMOS
buffers, level shifters, Interfacing of logic families with LEDs, relays, solenoid and opto-couplers, Switch-debouncing circuits, FPGA's.







Detail
BIOMEDICAL ELECTRONICS: Semiconductors: Atomic structure of Elements, Energy level diagram for solids,
Intrinsic and Extrinsic semiconductors, Electron hole pairs, Distribution of electrons, combination & Regeneration. Diodes:
P-N Junction, Ideal diode, Real diode, Large & Small signal operation, Application of Diodes in half wave rectification, full
wave rectification, equivalent circuit, Zener & Special purpose diodes, voltage regulation. Bi-Polar Junction Transistors:
Operation of BJT, Static characteristic, Q-Point, Amplification, A.C. loading, D.C. circuit analysis, Cut-off point, Break Down
voltage, Transistor as a switch, Transistor configurations and Biasing, Transistor Modeling, Small signal analysis of
transistors, Equivalent circuit. Field Effect Transistors: Operation of FET, Output characteristics, Transfer characteristics, N-
channel and P-channel J-FET, Biasing circuit, Q-point. MOSFET, Nchannel and P-channel MOSFET, Small signal Analysis,
low frequency and High frequency small signal Model.
Electronics and Sensors (OPERATIONAL-AMPLIFIER): Operational Amplifiers: Analysis of OP-AMP action, OP-
AMP specifications: interpreting OP-AMP data sheet, offset voltage and current, temperature rating, output swing, CMRR,
slew rate, inverting amplifiers, non-inverting amplifiers, voltage follower, summing amplifiers, instrumentation amplifiers,
integrator, differentiator, non linear amplifiers. Frequency response of OP-AMPs, A/D and D/A converters,PLL.








Detail
Digital Signal Processing: Introduction, classification of signals, basic operations on signals, signal representation and models,
system characteristics. Time Domain Analysis: Sinusoidal and complex exponential signals, singularity function signals, signal energy and
signal power, orthogonal signals, signal representation by Generalized Fourier Series, continuous and discrete-time convolution
evaluation and properties. Frequency domain representation and analysis: Spectra and bandwidths of signals, Fourier series
representation of signals, Fourier transform, energy density spectrum, power density spectrum, auto-correlation function, system
frequency response, phase delay and group delay. Continuous-time filters: Distortionless transmission, ideal filters, approximation of
ideal filters, Butterworth and Chebyshev filter design. Sampled Continuous Time signals: Ideal sampling, Sampling theorem, practical
sampling effects. Frequency Domain representation of Discrete-time signals: Discrete-time Fourier series, discrete-time Fourier
transform.
BIO-SIGNAL PROCESSING: Introduction: Classification of various biosignals, its representation, models and system characteristics.
The Discrete Fourier transform and its properties, Fast Fourier transform algorithms. A review of the Z-transform and the inverse Z-
transform, pole zero maps in the Zdomain. Introduction to FIR and IIR filters. Implementation of Discrete Time Systems: Structures
for FIR and IIR Systems: Direct form structures, cascade form structures, frequency sampling structures, lattice structure, lattice
ladder structures. Design of FIR Filters and its Application to Bio-medical Signals: Windows method, frequency sampling method,
optimum equiripple linear phase FIR filters, design of FIR differentiators, design of Hilbert transformers, comparison of the design
methods. Design of IIR Filters: IIR filter design by approximation of derivatives, impulse invariance method, Bilinear transformation
method, Matched Z- Transformation. Digital Signal Processors: DSP based systems, DSP hardware and DSP devices. Digital Image
Processing: Noise in Communication Systems: Bio-Medical Signal Analysis.



Detail
Microprocessor Systems : Introduction to Micro processors: Digital systems, SAP architecture and its model. 8/16-Bit Micro
Processors: Introduction to 8085/6800/8088/8086 processors, architecture, memory & processor. 8088 Hardware Specifications: Pin-
outs & pin functions, clock generator (8284A), bus buffering & latching, bus timing, minimum mode versus maximum mode. Interfacing
Techniques: Memory interfaces, basic I/O interface, programmable keyboard/ display controller 8279, programmable interval counter
8254 serial, 8088 interfacing, interrupt structure, case studies of interfacing with medical equipments. Programming model of 8088:
Data formats, instruction set of 8088, addressing modes, data movement instructions, Arithmetic & logic instructions, program control
instructions.
BIOMEDICAL CONTROL SYSTEMS: Introduction: Introduction to Control Systems, Open loop and closed loop systems and
their transfer functions, block diagrams, signal flow graphs. Modeling of Physical Systems: Importance of modeling. Formation of
differential equations of electrical, mechanical, electromechanical and other systems. Modeling of human systems. Transient Response:
Poles and zeros of a transfer function, stability, standardized inputs, steady state and transient response of first order, second order
and higher order systems. Transient response specifications in time and frequency domain. State Space Representation and Analysis:
Introduction to state space concepts and terminology, formation of state and output equations for physical systems. Solution of state
equations, Eigenvalues and Eigen vectors, state transition and transfer function matrices. Steady State Response: Types and analysis
of feedback control systems based on steady state error coefficients, sensitivity function. Time Domain Analysis: Root locus diagrams,
Analysis and Design of Control Systems Based on Root locus technique.Frequency Domain Analysis: Routh Herwitz Stability criterion,
Bode plots, Polar plots, Nyquist stability criterion, Gain and phase margins, Nichol's chart. Application of principles of control theory to
analysis of biological system development of computer simulations techniques to study dynamic response of physiological system.

Detail
Biomedical Instrumentation-I : Introduction: Precision, resolution, sensitivity, accuracy, uncertainty, Principles & development of Biomedical
Instrumentation, Problems encountered in living systems. Biological Systems: Study of various Physiological systems, related biopotentials and
physiological parameters. Diagnostic Equipment: invasive and noninvasive measurement techniques and related equipments. Cardiovascular
Measurements: Electrocardiography, Measurement of Blood pressure, Blood flow and Cardiac output. Biomedical Sensors & Transducers: Introduction,
principles, theory, design and applications.Patient Monitoring Equipment: Patient Monitors, central monitoring system, telemetry system, Gas
Exchange and distributions, Respiratory therapy equipment. Therapic Equipment: ventilator, inhaler, defibrillator, pacemaker and heart lung machines.
Radiological Equipment: concept of ionization and nonionization radiation and related equipment, medical lasers and applications. Safety in Medical
Equipments: Electrical/Mechanical safety, Standards of Medical Devices, Biohazards and Safety Regulations. Quality Assurance and Quality Control:
Calibration, maintenance and reparability of monitoring equipments.

BIOPHYSICS: Sound: Hearing and Echolocation, Ultrasound. Optics of Vision: Quantum Nature of Vision.Nervous system: Biophysics of Neural
Spike. Information theory and Memory; Nervous system.Structural Biophysics: Conformational analysis and forces that determine protein and nucleic
acid structure. Molecular Modeling of protien, nucleic acid structures . Radiation and Radiobiology: Interaction of radiation with matter, Biological
effects of radiation, radiobiological effects of radiation, medical imaging using radio-isotopes.Biopotentials: Electrocardiograms and electric shocks,
Fundamental laws for current in biological tissues, Biopotentials in hearts, electrocardiogram, Action potentials in nervous system.Bioenergetics:
Thermodynamic principles. First law (energy, enthalpy), Second law of Thermodynamics. Free energy, standard physical free energy and standard
biological free energy, determination of the free energy from equilibrium constant and EMF measurements. Thermodynamics of phosphate compounds
(phosphoryl transfer reactions) and role of ATP for biological energy transfer, thermodynamics of life. Energy Pathways: Coupled Reactions, Group
Transfer Potential, Role of Pyridine Nucleotides, Energy Conversion Pathways, Biological Membrane, Active Transport, Chemi-osmotic theory-passive
transport.




Detail
Anatomy: A systematic approach to the structure of the human body. Anatomical terminology, tissue classification, the
gross and microscopic anatomy of the integumentary, immune/lymphatic, circulatory, skeletal, muscular, respiratory,
nervous, endocrine, gastrointestinal, urinary and reproductive systems, senses.
BIOCHEMISTRY: Introduction to Biochemistry: Colloidal state, buffer, pH, significance of pH Henderson equation, surface
tension, viscosity, osmosis, diffusion, concept of chromatographic techniques (TLC, paper chromatography, GLC column
chromatography etc.) carbohydrates, amino acids, nucleic acids, proteins, vitamins, enzymes, hormones & signaling agents,.
Metabolism of Carbohydrates, Lipids and Proteins: carbohydrate derivatives, optical activity, polarimetry, glycogenesis,
gluconeogenesis, glycolysis, tricarboxylic acid cycle, hexose monophosphate shunt. Effects of hormones on carbohydrate
metabolism. C hemistry and Metabolism of Lipids, Proteins.
ELECTRONIC CIRCUIT DESIGN: Amplifier Characteristics: Input and output impedance, Real and Apparent gain,
Amplifier loading, Impedance matching of amplifiers. Power Amplifiers: Classes of Power amplifiers, Series-Fed Class A
amplifiers, Power efficiency and dissipation, harmonic distortion, single-ended class A amplifiers, Transformer-coupled Push-Pull
amplifiers, Other Push-Pull amplifiers, Complementary Symmetry Amplifiers. Oscillators: Hartley oscillators, Colpitt oscillators,
RC phase shift oscillators, Wein- Bridge oscillators, Crystal oscillators based on BJT and FET. Differential Amplifiers: Darlington
transistor circuit, properties of differential amplifier 32 stage, circuits of differential amplifiers using BJTs and FETs.


Details
MEDICAL IMAGING: Introduction: Interaction of Radiation with Matter, Scattered & absorbed Radiation, spatial image
formation.Imaging Transducers: Various transducers used in medical imaging systems.Imaging development: X-ray Film,
Fluoroscopic imaging, Digital Imaging System, Xray imaging, Film-less radiographic imaging, CT imaging, Emission Tomography
imaging, Nuclear imaging, MR Imaging, Functional MRI imaging , Advance imaging modalities like PET and SPECT. Emerging
areas in medical imaging. Ultrasound Imaging: Ultrasonic imaging, Doppler Imaging, software based estimations and
measurement in ultrasonic imaging. Planar and Volumetric analysis techniques. Medical imaging software: Algorithms,
techniques, imaging archival and management. Molecular imaging and other advance biomedical imaging techniques and their
image manipulation. Quality Assurance and Control in Medical Imaging Equipment: Quality assurance of medical imaging,
Evaluation of imaging parameter and related equipment calibration, Diagnostic values, Statistical performance measures.
NEUROSCIENCE & NEURO-NETWORKS: Introduction to neuroscience: nervous system, sympathetic, parasympathetic and
motor nervous system and their functions, brain and its functions. Neurons and glia, structure of a neuronal cell, types of glia, blood
brain barriers. Signaling in the brain: electrical excitability of neurons, resting membrane potential, action potential, intra neuronal
singling, inter neuronal singling. Synaptic events, chemical messengers, synaptic transmission. Receptors: Ionotropic and metabotropic
receptors, signal transduction pathways, Gproteins, protein phosphorylation. Signaling to the nucleus, regulation of gene expression.
Neurotransmitters: Excitatory and inhibitory amino acid neurotransmitters and functions in the brain, role of excitatory
neurotransmitter in learning and memory.Diseases associated with the malfunctioning of these neurotransmitters. Catecholamines:
functions in the brain, Diseases associated with the malfunctioning. Artificial Neural Network: Model of single neuron, neural network
architectures. Feed forward neural networks. Multilayer perception, back propagation algorithm, radial basis function networks.
Unsupervised learning. Hopfield network, self organizing map, other unsupervised networks. Reinforcement learning.

Details
Biomedical Signal Analysis : This is course will cover the different biomedical signals and the related signal modeling and analysis
techniques. The topics covered in the course include an introduction to various physiological/biomedical signals such as the action
potential, the electro-neurogram (ENG), the electromyogram (EMG), the electrocardiogram (ECG), the electroencephalogram (EEG),
event-related potentials (ERPs), the electrogastrogram (EGG), the phonocardiogram (PCG), the carotid pulse (CP), signals from catheter-
tip sensors, speech and oto-acoustic emission signals. The biomedical signal analysis portion of the course will deal with the analysis of
concurrent, coupled and correlated processes, filtering for removal of artifact from biomedical signals, event detection techniques,
analysis of wave-shape and waveform complexity associated with biomedical signals, mathematical modeling of biomedical systems, and
medical decision support systems.
Biomedical Image Analysis : Introduces the fundamental principles of medical image analysis and visualization. Focuses on the
processing and analysis of ultrasound, MR, and X-ray images for the purpose of quantification and visualization to increase the
usefulness of modern medical image data. Includes image perception and enhancement, 2-D Fourier transform, spatial filters,
segmentation, and pattern recognition.
APPLICATION OF ROBOTICS IN BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING: The elements of an industrial robot, mechanism
and robot configuration, wrists, grippers and mobility. Actuating systems, modeling and control, feedback components,
computer control, external sensing and intelligence, robot applications, safety and social factors. Applications of robotics in
various biomedical engineering applications and pharmaceutical industry. PLC applications with respect to biomedical
engineering.Use of LEGO Mindstorm robotic kits for study of various sensors with respect to biomedical engineering.



Thanks to watch
So, this is the End of my presentations over
my new blog [or search engine], which is
known as Bio-Medical Engineering
Guide.