Nuclear Chemistry

Chapter 23
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission require !or reprouction or isplay.

"
#
$
Mass Num%er
#tomic Num%er
&lement 'ym%ol
Atomic number ($) * num%er o! protons in nucleus
Mass number (#) * num%er o! protons + num%er o! neutrons
* atomic num%er ($) + num%er o! neutrons
#
$
,
p
,
,
H
,
or
proton
,
n
-
neutron
-
e
-,
-

-,
or
electron
-
e
+,
-

+,
or
positron
.
He
/
.

/
or
particle
,
,
,
-
-
-,
-
+,
.
/
/0.,

1alancing Nuclear &quations
,. Conser2e mass num%er (#).
The sum o! protons plus neutrons in the proucts must equal
the sum o! protons plus neutrons in the reactants.
,
n
-
3
/04
5/
+
Cs
,06
44
7%
58
09
,
n
-
+ + /
/04 + , * ,06 + 58 + /:,
/. Conser2e atomic num%er ($) or nuclear charge.
The sum o! nuclear charges in the proucts must equal the
sum o! nuclear charges in the reactants.
,
n
-
3
/04
5/
+
Cs
,06
44
7%
58
09
,
n
-
+ + /
5/ + - * 44 + 09 + /:-
/0.,

/,/
Po ecays %y alpha emission. ;rite the %alance
nuclear equation !or the ecay o!
/,/
Po.
.
He
/
.

/
or
alpha particle -
/,/
Po
.
He +
#
"
6. / $
/,/ * . + # # * /-6
6. * / + $ $ * 6/
/,/
Po
.
He +
/-6
P%
6. / 6/
/0.,

/0.,

Nuclear 'ta%ility an 7aioacti2e <ecay
1eta ecay
,.
C
,.
N +
-
+
8
9 -,
.-
=
.-
Ca +
-
+
,5
/- -,
,
n
,
p +
-
+
-
, -,
<ecrease > o! neutrons %y ,
Increase > o! protons %y ,
Positron ecay
,,
C
,,
1 +
-
+
8
4 +,
06
=
06
#r +
-
+
,5
,6 +,
,
p
,
n +
-
+
,
- +,
Increase > o! neutrons %y ,
<ecrease > o! protons %y ,
an ha2e # * - an $ * -
/0./

&lectron capture ecay
Increase > o! neutrons %y ,
<ecrease > o! protons %y ,
Nuclear 'ta%ility an 7aioacti2e <ecay
09
#r +
-
e
09
Cl +
,6
,9 -,
44
?e +
-
e
44
Mn +
/8
/4 -,
,
p +
-
e
,
n +
,
- -,
#lpha ecay
<ecrease > o! neutrons %y /
<ecrease > o! protons %y /
/,/
Po
.
He +
/-6
P%
6. / 6/
'pontaneous !ission
/4/
C! /
,/4
In + /
,
n
56 .5 -
/0./

n@p too large
%eta ecay
"
n@p too small
positron ecay or electron capture
A
/0./

Nuclear 'ta%ility
B
Certain num%ers o! neutrons an protons are extra sta%le
B
n or p * /, 6, /-, 4-, 6/ an ,/8
B
CiDe e:tra sta%le num%ers o! electrons in no%le gases
(e
-
* /, ,-, ,6, 08, 4. an 68)
B
Nuclei with e2en num%ers o! %oth protons an neutrons
are more sta%le than those with o num%ers o! neutron
an protons
B
#ll isotopes o! the elements with atomic num%ers higher
than 60 are raioacti2e
B
#ll isotopes o! Tc an Pm are raioacti2e
/0./

Nuclear binding energy (BE) is the energy require to %reaD
up a nucleus into its component protons an neutrons.
1& +
,5
? 5
,
p + ,-
,
n
5
,
-
1& * 5 : (p mass) + ,- : (n mass) E
,5
? mass
& * mc
/
1& (amu) * 5 : ,.--96/4 + ,- : ,.--6884 E ,6.556.
1& * -.,469 amu , amu * ,..5 : ,-
-,-
F
1& * /.09 : ,-
-,,
F
%ining energy per nucleon *
%ining energy
num%er o! nucleons
*
/.09 : ,-
-,,
F
,5 nucleons
* ,./4 : ,-
-,/
F
/0./

Nuclear %ining energy per nucleon 2s Mass num%er
nuclear sta%ility
/0./
nuclear %ining energy
nucleon

=inetics o! 7aioacti2e <ecay
N aughter
rate * -
N
t
rate * N
N
t
* N
-
N * N
-
e:p(-t) lnN * lnN
-
- t
N * the num%er o! atoms at time t
N
-
* the num%er o! atoms at time t = 0
is the ecay constant
ln/
*
t
G

/0.0

=inetics o! 7aioacti2e <ecay
HNI * HNI
-
e:p(-t) lnHNI * lnHNI
-
- t
H
N
I
l
n

H
N
I
/0.0

7aiocar%on <ating
,.
N +
,
n
,.
C +
,
H
9 , 8 -
,.
C
,.
N +
-
+
8
9 -,
t
G
* 490- years
3ranium-/06 <ating
/06
3
/-8
P% + 6
.
+ 8
-

5/ -, 6/ /
t
G
* ..4, : ,-
5
years
/0.0

Nuclear Transmutation
Cyclotron Particle #ccelerator
,.
N +
.

,9
J +
,
p
9 / 6 ,
/9
#l +
.

0-
P +
,
n
,0 / ,4 -
,.
N +
,
p
,,
C +
.

9 , 8 /
/0..

Nuclear Transmutation
/0..

Nuclear ?ission
/0.4
/04
3 +
,
n
5-
'r +
,.0
"e + 0
,
n + &nergy
5/ 4. 06 - -
&nergy * Hmass
/04
3 + mass n E (mass
5-
'r + mass
,.0
"e + 0 : mass n )I : c
/
&nergy * 0.0 : ,-
-,,
F per
/04
3
* /.- : ,-
,0
F per mole
/04
3
Com%ustion o! , ton o! coal * 4 : ,-
9
F

Nuclear ?ission
/0.4
/04
3 +
,
n
5-
'r +
,.0
"e + 0
,
n + &nergy
5/ 4. 06 - -
Representative !ission reaction

Nuclear ?ission
/0.4
Nuclear chain reaction is a sel!-sustaining sequence o!
nuclear !ission reactions.
The minimum mass o! !issiona%le material require to
generate a sel!-sustaining nuclear chain reaction is the
critical mass.
Non-critical
Critical

'chematic <iagram o! a Nuclear 7eactor
/0.4

#nnual ;aste Prouction
/0.4
04,--- tons 'J
/
..4 : ,-
8
tons CJ
/
,,--- M; coal-!ire
power plant
0.4 : ,-
8
!t
0
ash
,,--- M; nuclear
power plant
9- !t
0

2itri!ie
waste
Nuclear ?ission

/0.4
Nuclear ?ission
HaKars o! the
raioacti2ities in spent
!uel compare to
uranium ore
?rom L'cience, 'ociety an #mericaMs Nuclear ;aste,N <J&@7;--08, TG

Chemistry In Action: NatureMs Jwn ?ission 7eactor
Natural 3ranium
-.9/-/ O 3-/04 55./956O 3-/06
Measure at JDlo
-.9,9, O 3-/04

/0.8
Nuclear ?usion
/
H +
/
H
0
H +
,
H
, , , ,
?usion 7eaction &nergy 7elease
/
H +
0
H
.
He +
,
n
, , / -
8
Ci +
/
H /
.
He
0 , /
8.0 : ,-
-,0
F
/.6 : ,-
-,/
F
0.8 : ,-
-,/
F
ToDamaD
magnetic plasma
con!inement

/0.9
7aioisotopes in Meicine
B
, out o! e2ery 0 hospital patients will unergo a nuclear
meicine proceure
B
/.
Na, t
G
* ,..6 hr, emitter, %loo-!low tracer
B
,0,
I, t
G
* ,..6 hr, emitter, thyroi glan acti2ity
B
,/0
I, t
G
* ,0.0 hr, ray emitter, %rain imaging
B
,6
?, t
G
* ,.6 hr,
+
emitter, positron emission tomography
B
55m
Tc, t
G
* 8 hr, ray emitter, imaging agent
1rain images
with
,/0
I-la%ele
compoun

/0.9
7aioisotopes in Meicine
56
Mo +
,
n
55
Mo
./ - ./
/04
3 +
,
n
55
Mo + other !ission proucts
5/ - ./
55m
Tc
55
Tc + -ray
.0 .0
55
Mo
55m
Tc +
-
+
./ .0 -,
7esearch prouction o!
55
Mo
Commercial prouction o!
55
Mo
t
G
* 88 hours
t
G
* 8 hours
1one 'can with
55m
Tc

Geiger-MPller Counter
/0.9

/0.6
1iological &!!ects o! 7aiation
Raiation a%sor%e dose (rad)
, ra * , : ,-
-4
F@g o! material
Roentgen equi2alent !or man (rem)
, rem * , ra : Q Quality ?actor
-ray * ,
* ,
* /-

Chemistry In Action: ?oo Irraiation
<osage &!!ect
3p to ,-- Dilora
Inhi%its sprouting o! potatoes, onions, garlics.
Inacti2ates trichinae in porD. =ills or pre2ents insects
!rom reproucing in grains, !ruits, an 2egeta%les.
,-- E ,--- Diloras
<elays spoilage o! meat poultry an !ish. 7euces
salmonella. &:tens shel! li!e o! some !ruit.
,--- to ,-,--- Diloras
'teriliKes meat, poultry an !ish. =ills insects an
microorganisms in spices an seasoning.