Vitamin A (retinol)

Vitamin D (cholecalciferol)

Vitamin E (tocopherol)

Vitamin K
(phylloquinones,Melanoquoinones)



3 forms in body
1.retinol (alcohol form)
2.retinal (aldehyde form)
3.retinoic acid (acid form)
collectively known as retinoids.
precursor: beta-carotene
-derived from plant foods
-can split and form retinol in intestine
and liver
Absorption occurs in intestine in the form of
B carotene to yield retinol
Reduced to retinal by enzyme retinaldehyde
reductase
Retinal is esterifed with palmitic acid into
cyclo micron with dietary lipids
Retinal is transported from liver to extra
hepatic tissue occur by binding of hydrolyzed
retinol by RBP
Then it is transported into extra hepatic
tissue in it retinol is bound to CR

Animal sources: fish
liveroil,butter,milk,cheese,egg yolk.
Plant sources:
tomatoes,carrots,spinach,mango,papaya,
corn, sweet potatoes
Infectious disease
pneumonia,measles,diarrhea
Keratinization
dry,rough,scaly skin
nightblindness
.yellow skin: too much beta-carotene
excess stored under skin in fat
.weaken bones
body can make
from sunlight
precursor made from cholesterol
not essential
production occurs in liver and kidney
diseases can affect activation
Only two of these are found in nature
Ergosterone: provitamin D found in plants
7dehydrocholestrol: provitamin D found in
the skin


Bile salt help in absorption
Absorbed from deudenum and jejunum
After absorption it is carried in chylomicron
droplet of lymph
Combination with serum globulin in blood
plasma
Fish liver oil is richest source
Egg yolk
Margarine
Some qunatities in butter and cheese also

Responsible for
intestinal
absorption of
calicum and
phosphate
Also responsible
for
manufacturizati
on of bones
Maintain
calcium level in
body
.most common in vitamin D
.excess vitamin D = increase in blood
calcium = stones or hardening of blood
vessels

Antioxidant
Polyunsaturated fatty acid
Differ in no. Of position of methyl group
a-tocopherol:5,7,8 trimethyl tocol
B-tocopherol:5,8 dimethyl tocol
gama:7,8 dimethyl tocol
The a-tocopherol is most active







The presence of OH group on 6th position
Carbon is responsible for its antioxidant
activity
Free form it is absorbed in small intestine
with help of bile acid
Transported to liver where it get
incorporated into lipoprotein
Carried by blood to adipose tissue for storage
Normally it is not excreated in urine
Because it undergo destruction in GI tract
and tissues
Cotton seed oil,corn oil,olive oil,sunflower
oil and wheat gram
Also found in rare quantities in dry
soyabeen,cabbage,yeast,lettuce,apple,seed,
almonds and peanuts
Normal level: 1.2 mg/dl
children: 10-15 IU/day
adults: 20-25 IU/day

may reduce the risk of heart disease
Antioxidant property
Removal of free radicals
Important role in nucleic acid synthesis
And co-enzyme Q
.rare
.erythrocyte hemolysis
.preemies destruction of red blood cells
TOXICITY
.may interfere with blood-clotting mechanisms of
vitamin K
widespread in food
.easily destroyed by heat processing

Napthoquinone derivatives
Closely related to compound pthiocol
A constituents of tubercle bacilli with slight
vitamin k activity
Causes hemorrhagic disease


TOXICITY
Not common
Medical biochemistry by Chatterjae (7th
edition)
Biochemistry (third edition) Pankaja Naik
Medical biochemistry jaypee by Chattergee
(5th edition)
Clinical websites
Thank
you