ELECTRIC

CIRCUITS
EIGHTH EDITION

JAMES W. NILSSON
&
SUSAN A. RIEDEL
CHAPTER 13
THE LAPLACE
TRANSFORM IN
CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
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CONTENTS
13.1 Circuit Elements in the s Domain

13.2 Circuit Analysis in the s Domain

13.3 Applications

13.4 The Transfer Function

13.5 The Transfer Function in Partial
Fraction Expansions


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CONTENTS
13.6 The Transfer Function and the
Convolution Integral

13.7 The Transfer Function and the Steady-
State Sinusoidal Response

13.8 The Impulse Function in Circuit
Analysis
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13.1 Circuit Elements in the s Domain
We can represent each of the circuit
elements as an s-domain equivalent circuit
by Laplace-transforming the voltage-
current equation for each elements:

Resistor: V = RI
Inductor: V = s LI LI
0

Capacitor: V = (1/s C)I + V
0
/s

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13.1 Circuit Elements in the s Domain
In these equations,


I
0
= initial current through the inductor,
V
0
= initial voltage across the capacitor.
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V = L {v}, I = L {i)
13.1 Circuit Elements in the s Domain
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The resistance element.
Time domain Frequency domain
13.1 Circuit Elements in the s Domain
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An inductor of L henrys carrying
an initial current of I
0
amperes
13.1 Circuit Elements in the s Domain
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The series equivalent circuit for an inductor of L
henrys carrying an initial current of I
0
amperes
13.1 Circuit Elements in the s Domain
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The parallel equivalent circuit for an inductor of
L henrys carrying an initial current of I
0
amperes
13.1 Circuit Elements in the s Domain
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The s-domain circuit for an inductor
when the initial current is zero
13.1 Circuit Elements in the s Domain
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A capacitor of C farads initially
charged to V
0
volts
13.1 Circuit Elements in the s Domain
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The parallel equivalent circuit for a
capacitor initially charged to V
0
volts
13.1 Circuit Elements in the s Domain
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The series equivalent circuit for a
capacitor initially charged to V
0
volts
13.1 Circuit Elements in the s Domain
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The s-domain circuit for a capacitor
when the initial voltage is zero
13.1 Circuit Elements in the s Domain
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We can perform circuit analysis in the s-
domain by replacing each circuit element
with its s-domain equivalent circuit.
The resulting equivalent circuit is solved
by writing algebraic equations using the
circuit analysis techniques from resistive
circuits.
Summary of the s-domain equivalent circuits
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13.1 Circuit Elements in the s Domain
13.2 Circuit Analysis in the s Domain
Circuit analysis can be performed in the s
domain by replacing each circuit element
with its s-domain equivalent circuit.

Ohms Law in the s-domain
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ZI V
13.3 Applications
Circuit analysis in the s domain is particularly
advantageous for solving transient response
problems in linear lumped parameter circuits
when initial conditions are known.

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13.3 Applications

It is also useful for problems involving
multiple simultaneous mesh-current or
node-voltage equations, because it reduces
problems to algebraic rather than differential
equations.
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13.3 Applications
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The capacitor discharge circuit
An s-domain equivalent circuit
An s-domain equivalent circuit
The Natural Response of an RC Circuit
13.3 Applications
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The step response of a
parallel RLC circuit
The Step Response of a Parallel Circuit
An s-domain equivalent
circuit
13.3 Applications
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The multiple-mesh RL circuit
The Step Response of a Multiple Mesh Circuit
An s-domain equivalent circuit
13.3 Applications
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A circuit to be analyzed using
Thvenins equivalent in the s
domain
The Use of Thvenins Equivalent
An s-domain model of the
circuit
A simplified version of the
circuit, using a Thvenins
equivalent
13.3 Applications
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A circuit showing the use of
superposition in s-domain
analysis
The Use of Superposition
The s-domain equivalent for
the above circuit
13.3 Applications
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The circuit with V
g
acting alone
The Use of Superposition
The circuit with I
g
acting alone
13.3 Applications
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The circuit with energized
inductor acting alone
The Use of Superposition
The circuit with energized
capacitor acting alone
13.4 The Transfer Function
The transfer function is the s-domain ratio
of a circuits output to its input. It is
represented as



Y(s) is the Laplace transform of the output signal,
X(s) is the Laplace transform of the input signal.
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) (
) (
) (
s X
s Y
s H
13.5 The Transfer Function in Partial
Fraction Expansions
The partial fraction expansion of the
product H(s)X(s) yields a term for each
pole of H(s) and X(s).

The H(s) terms correspond to the transient
component of the total response; the X(s)
terms correspond to the steady-state
component.
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If a circuit is driven by a unit impulse, x(t) =
(t), then the response of the circuit equals
the inverse Laplace transform of the transfer
function,
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13.5 The Transfer Function in Partial
Fraction Expansions
y(t) =
-1
{H(s)} = h(t)
A time-invariant circuit is one for which, if the
input is delayed by a seconds, the response
function is also delayed by a seconds.
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13.5 The Transfer Function in Partial
Fraction Expansions
13.6 The Transfer Function and the
Convolution Integral
The output of a circuit, y(t), can be
computed by convolving the input, x(t), with
the impulse response of the circuit, h(t):




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The excitation signal of x(t)
(a)A general excitation signal
(b)Approximating x(t) with series of pulses
(c)Approximating x(t) with a series of impulses
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13.6 The Transfer Function and the
Convolution Integral
The approximation of y(t)
(a)The impulse response
(b)Summing the impulse responses
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13.6 The Transfer Function and the
Convolution Integral
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13.6 The Transfer Function and the
Convolution Integral
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13.6 The Transfer Function and the
Convolution Integral
13.7 The Transfer Function and the
Steady-State Sinusoidal Response
We can use the transfer function of a
circuit to compute its steady-state
response to a sinusoidal source.

To make the substitution s = j in H(s) and
represent the resulting complex number as
a magnitude and phase angle.
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If
x(t) = A cos(t + ),
H(j) = |H(j)|e
j()
then
Steady-state sinusoidal response computed
using a transfer function
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13.7 The Transfer Function and the
Steady-State Sinusoidal Response
13.8 The Impulse Function
in Circuit Analysis
Laplace transform analysis correctly
predicts impulsive currents and voltages
arising from switching and impulsive
sources.

The s-domain equivalent circuits are
based on initial conditions at t = 0
-
, that is,
prior to the switching.
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13.8 The Impulse Function
in Circuit Analysis
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A circuit showing the
creation of an
impulsive current
The s-domain
equivalent circuit
13.8 The Impulse Function
in Circuit Analysis
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The plot of i(t) versus t for
two different values of R
13.8 The Impulse Function in Circuit
Analysis
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A circuit showing the
creation of an
impulsive voltage
The s-domain
equivalent circuit
THE END
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