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Industrial toxicology 2007

Introduction to Toxicology
Industrial toxicology 2007
Pendahuluan
Systemic poisonings;
Lead : ancient Egypt & Roman times
Chemically hazard: 1800s (aniline purple by
Perkin)
Organic compound
Inorganic substances

Industrial toxicology 2007
Industrial toxicology 2007
TOXICOLOGY
Science that studies
the harmful, or toxic,
properties of
substances.
Industrial toxicology 2007
All substances have the potential if given in
sufficient quantities or under certain circumstances
in susceptible individuals to cause harm. There is
no clear differentiation between what is considered
poisonous and non poisonous to the body.
Substances however are general regarded as
poisonous if they can cause harm when present in
small quantities or in low concentrations.

Industrial toxicology 2007
TOXICITY (1)
1. The ability of a
substance to have an
adverse effect on the
health or well-being of a
human.
2. The level of toxicity
depends on QUANTITY
or DOSE
Industrial toxicology 2007
Toxicity (2)
The toxicity of a chemical depends :
1. on the degree of exposure
2. and absorption.

Industrial toxicology 2007
Industrial toxicology 2007
TOXIC EFFECT
Any reversible or irreversible
harmful effect on the body as a
result of contact with a substance

Industrial toxicology 2007
Degree of Hazard
Factors contributing to the degree of
hazard:
- Route of entry
- Quantity of exposure
- Physiological state
- Environmental variables
- Other factors

Industrial toxicology 2007
Factors affecting toxicity
Chemical composition
Physical state
Routes of contacts
Dose / concentrations
Particle size
Presence of other
poisons

Duration and frequency
of exposure
Tissue affinity and
solubility in tissues
Differential sensitivity
of various tissues to
certain chemicals
Individual / genetic
susceptibility

Industrial toxicology 2007
Routes of contact
Respiratory tract;
Total alveoli surface area ; 50 100 m2
Size particle;
> 30 microns; do not enter
5-30 microns; deposited in the nasopharynx
2-5 microns; tracheobronchiolar
< 2 microns; reaches the alveoli epithelium



Industrial toxicology 2007
Absorption through the skin
Skin is an excellent barrier
Depends on;
Concentration of the toxic substance
Duration of contact
The thickness of the stratum corneum
Industrial toxicology 2007
Absorption through the gastro intestinal tract
depends on:
Solubility of the material
Active transport mechanisms
Gastric motility
Physical properties
Co existent dietary deficiencies
Injection
Eye
Industrial toxicology 2007
Dietary deficiency Enhanced toxicity
Calcium Cadmium, Lead
Iron Cadmium, Lead,
Manganese, Plutonium,
Dimethylhydranine
Selenium Cadmium, Lead, Mercury,
Silver, Benzena, Ozone,
PCBs
Zinc Cd, Cu, Pb, Hg, Ethanol,
Nitrosamines
Industrial toxicology 2007
Industrial toxicology 2007
Duration of exposures
Acute exposure ; minutes to few hours
Sub acute; > few hours to 90 days
Chronic; refers to prolonged and repeated
exposure over 90 days
Presence of other poisons produces additive,
synergistic or reduction of adverse effect
Industrial toxicology 2007
Classification of Chemical
Hazards
Physical classes;
Gasses and vapours;
Aerossols;
Dust
Fumes
Mists
Smoke
Industrial toxicology 2007
Gas
A substance in the gaseous state at room temperature
and pressure. Gasses diffuse.
Vapour.
The gaseous form of the substance that is normally a
liquid or solid at room temperature and pressure but
which can be created by altering either these two
factors. Vapours diffuse
Industrial toxicology 2007
Aerosols a broad term referring to a solid
or liquid particle dispersed in air.
Dust. Solid particles generated by handling,
crushing, grinding etc of organic / inorganic
materials.
Fumes. Solid particles generated by the
condensation from the gassier state generally
after volatisation from molten metals and often
accopmpanied by chemical reactions such as
oxidation

Industrial toxicology 2007
Mists- is a dispersion of liquid particles
that may be in the visible range, while a
fog is a visible of aerosol of liquids formed
by condensation, e.g. oil mists produced
during cutting and grinding operations
Smoke. An aerosol resulted from
incomplete combustion of carbon
containing materials
Industrial toxicology 2007
Material Safety Data Sheets
The information included:
The identity of the substance
Physical and chemical characteristics
Potential physical hazards
The health hazards including sign and
symptoms

Industrial toxicology 2007
The primary route(s) of entry
Recommended exposure limits
Whether the substance is listed on
carcinogens report
Any generally applicable precautions
Emergency and first aid procedures

Industrial toxicology 2007
The date of preparation of MSDS
The name, address and telephone number
of the manufacturer, importer, employer
etc.
Industrial toxicology 2007
Determining factors

The substance The person
Composition Genes, Age
physical state Other fact State of health
exposures etc. Environ/ Allergy, habits
climatic




poisoning
Industrial toxicology 2007
Dose
Dose; amount of toxicant within cells of
organs that manifests a toxicological effect
Blood and urine concentrations;
usually reflect recent exposure
correlate best acute exposure
Exception example: Urinary cadmium ?
Specification of toxicant in samples provide
diagnostic insight.
Methallothionein compound vs total toxicant

Industrial toxicology 2007
Industrial toxicology 2007
Industrial toxicology 2007
Industrial toxicology 2007
Industrial toxicology 2007
Non-linear dose-response curve with threshold
Industrial toxicology 2007
Influencing host factors
Interaction depend on the metabolism
pathways
Protein complexes
Susceptibility
Life style
Hypersensitivity reaction
Industrial toxicology 2007
Personal factors
Genetic factors
Age
State of health
Hipersensitivity or allergy
Personal hygiene and other personal habits
Pregnancy and lactation
Industrial toxicology 2007
Hazard Evaluation (1)
A measurement of the
1. Quantity available for absorption by the
user,
2. Amount of time available for absorption,
3. Frequency the exposure occurs,

Industrial toxicology 2007
Hazard Evaluation (2)
A measurement of the
4. Physical form of the substances,
5. Toxicological properties and
6. Potency and the presence of other
substances additives, or contaminants.

Industrial toxicology 2007
Hazard Evaluation
1. Ventilation,
2. appropriate hygienic practices,
housekeeping,
3. protective clothing, and
4. proper training for safe handling
.may eliminate or reduce hazards
that may exist
Industrial toxicology 2007
Prevention of exposure to toxic
substances
Medical theory /
examination
Communication
Substitution
Segregation


Enclosure
Ventilation
Personal hygiene
Protective clothing
Monitoring
Industrial toxicology 2007
Management of poisoning cases
Removal from further exposure
Detoxification
Supportive therapy
Replacement blood transfusion
Organ transplantation

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