PERIODIC TABLE

&
PERIODIC TRENDS
PERIODIC TABLE
Dimitri Mendeleev
Born in Russia in 1834
Youngest of 17 siblings
Was fixated at the idea of
organizing the then-known
elements in an explainable
way



Although there were others who were
completing their periodic table at the
same time, he was the only one to
correctly leave blank boxes where he
thought elements should be placed when
they were discovered
He predicted many of the properties of
these undiscovered elements, and was
very close in his predictions.
Periodiciity (or Periodic Law)
States that when elements are placed
according to increasing atomic mass, there
exists recurring trends of the properties
Do Card Activity
One element that had not been discovered
was ekasilicon (Germanium)
Try and complete the following table:
Al Si P
Atomic Mass 27.1 28.1 31.0
Density (g/mL) 2.70 2.33 1.82
density of Oxide (g/mL) 3.97 2.65 2.14
Formula of Chloride AlCl
3
SiCl
4
PCl
3
(l), PCl
5
(g)
Density of Chloride (g/mL) 2.44 1.48 1.57 (liquid)
Colour silvery white grey pale yellow
Lustre metallic metallic waxy
Ga Ge As
Atomic Mass 69.7 74.9
Density (g/mL) 5.9 5.73
density of Oxide (g/mL) 5.88 3.87
Formula of Chloride GaCl
3
AsCl
3
Density of Chloride (g/mL) 2.47 2.16
Colour silvery steel grey
Lustre metallic dull metallic
In Sn Sb
Atomic Mass 114.8 118.6 121.8
Density (g/mL) 7.31 7.28 6.69
density of Oxide (g/mL) 7.18 6.95 5.67
Formula of Chloride InCl
3
SnCl
2
, SnCl
4
SbCl
3
, SbCl
5
Density of Chloride (g/mL) 3.46 3.95, 2.23 3.14, 2.34
Colour Silvery White Silvery White Bluish-white
Lustre metallic metallic metallic
Ge
Atomic Mass 72.6
Density (g/mL) 5.35
density of Oxide (g/mL) 4.23
Formula of Chloride GeCl
4
Density of Chloride (g/mL) 1.84
Colour greyish white
Lustre metallic
Modern Periodic Table
Rows () are called PERIODS
Columns () are called GROUPS or FAMILIES
The Groups you need to know are:
Alkali Metals
Alkaline Earth Metals
Halogens
Noble Gases
The periods you need to know are:
Lanthanides
Actinides
The Transition Metals are the center block of
elements
Atomic Radii
Trend
Size decreases left to right across a period
Explanantion
As one goes left to right across a row, the
number of protons increases as well as the
electrons
However, the electrons are added to the
same energy level, and so the + charge of
the nucleus pulls the electrons in more
tightly which is called the effective nuclear
charge
Atomic Radii
Trend
Size increases top to bottom in a group
Explanantion
As one goes down a column, electrons are
added to new orbits with energy levels
further from the nucleus (n value increases)
Also, the inner electron orbits shield the
pull on the outer electron orbits by the
protons, this is known as the shielding
effect

Atomic Radii
Ionic Radii
Trend
Metal ions smaller, Nonmetal ions larger
Size is smaller than atom and decreases left to right
across a period, then suddenly increases (much
bigger than atom) and again decreases left to right
Explanantion
As one goes left to right across a row, the number
of protons increases in the cations (+ ions) however
the number of electrons does not change. This
allows the protons to pull the electrons in much
tighter
The nonmetal ions (anions) are much larger
because they have more electrons than protons,
and the protons cannot pull in the electrons as
much.
Ionic Radii
Trend
Size increases top to bottom in a group
Explanantion
As one goes down a column, electrons are
added to new orbits with energy levels
further from the nucleus (increasing n value)
Also, the inner electron orbits shield the
pull on the outer electron orbits by the
protons
This is known as the shielding effect

Ionic Radii
Ionization Energy
The energy required to remove an
electron from a neutral gaseous atom
1
st
Ionization Energy (IE) refers to
removing 1 electron, 2
nd
IE = 2 electrons,
3
rd
IE = 3 electrons, etc.
Trend
Increases from left to right
Explanantion
NOT Grade 9 answer of electrons being
more stable until the most stable noble gas!
Refer to size of atom. As one moves
across from left to right, the size of the
atom decreases because the protons in the
nucleus hold the electrons more tightly,
therefore it gets harder and harder to
remove them

Ionization Energy
Trend
Decreases down a column
Explanantion
Refer to size of atom. As one moves
down a column, the size gets larger,
because the hold on the outer electrons gets
deminished
Weaker hold means that the outermost
electrons are more easily removed on a
larger atom.

Ionization Energy
Why the drop between Be / B and N / O?
Ionization Energy
Electron Configuration
Be = [He]2s
2
B = [He]2s
2
2p
1
Easier to remove 1 lone electron from the
p subshell of B than to take an electron
from the filled s subshell of Be



Ionization Energy
Electron Configuration
N = [He]2s
2
2p
3

O = [He]2s
2
2p
4

Easier to remove 1 electron from the p
x

subshell of O than to take an electron
from the half-filled p subshell of N

Why the large increase in IEs indicated by
the yellow shaded box?
Ionization Energy
Eg: Mg IE
1
= 736 kJ
IE
2
= 1445 kJ (approx double)
IE
3
= 7730 kJ (over 4x increase!)
Mg has 2 electrons in outermost shell,
therefore it is relatively easy to remove
the first 2 electron, however removing the
3
rd
electron means removing it from the
inner filled shell which is very stable
because it is isoelectronic to a noble gas
Electronegativity
Is the tendency of an atom to attract
electrons from a neighbouring atom

Electronegativity
Fluorine being very small has a strong
hold on its electrons, and when it bonds
with other atoms, it has a strong
attraction for those electrons
Francium is very large and because of its
size and the shielding effect, it has very
little strength to hold its electron, let alone
any bonded electrons.

Chemical reactivity
Metals
Want to lose electrons when they bond,
therefore the larger the atom, the less hold it
has on its outermost electrons, the easier to
remove an electron and react
Nonmetals
Want to gain electrons when they bond,
therefore the smaller the atom, the stronger it
can attract electrons and the more reactive it
is

Melting / Boiling Points
Complete questions 90, 99 & 101 on pp
189-190 in Hebden to determine the
trends of melting and boiling points on the
periodic table
Atomic Radius increases
Ionization Energy increases
Electronegativity increases
Reactivity of Metals increases
Reactivity of Nonmetals increases
MP / BP increases