17 June 2014

Delft
University of
Technology
Electrical Power System Essentials
ET2105 Electrical Power System Essentials
Prof. Lou van der Sluis
Power System Control
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ET2105 Electrical Power System Essentials
Introduction (1)
The customer expects electrical power at constant frequency and
voltage

The system load changes continuously

Electricity can not be stored in large quantities

Maintaining the balance between generation and consumption
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ET2105 Electrical Power System Essentials
Introduction (2)
The active power balance is controlled by generators

Another method is load shedding

The reactive power balance is controlled by generators and static
components

The synchronous generator plays an important role
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ET2105 Electrical Power System Essentials
Increase of Active Power Consumption
Kinetic energy in the rotating parts of the generator and turbine
are 200 MJ

Suddenly a 10 MW load is connected. What happens to the
frequency?
In 1 second the load consumes 10 MJ more active power P
The frequency will drop to 48.7 Hz
f
1
= 50 Hz (3000 RPM)
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10 kV system:
P = 2 MW; cos = 0.9
X
gen
= 3
This results in:
I = 128 A -26
Q = 969 kvar
Suddenly the load consumes Q = 1.5 Mvar and P remains at 2 MW.
What happens?
The power factor drops to 0.8
The current becomes I = 146 -37
The terminal voltage drops with 100 V
Increase of Reactive Power
Consumption (1)
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P remains 2 MW
Q increases from 969 kvar 1.5 Mvar
I increases from 128 A -26 147 A -37
V drops with 100 V
Increase of Reactive Power
Consumption (2)
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ET2105 Electrical Power System Essentials
Increase of Reactive Power
Consumption (3)
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ET2105 Electrical Power System Essentials
Increase of Reactive Power
Consumption (4)
Conclusion:
The voltage depends on the reactive power
The angle of transmission depends on the active power
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Some Important Conclusions
The frequency is a common parameter throughout the system

The voltage is controlled locally

The control mechanism for P (rotor angle) and Q (voltage
amplitude) operate more or less separately
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The Primary Control
Speed governor control of a generating unit:
Speed governor characteristics:
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The Secondary Control or
Load Frequency Control
Power exchange between three control areas
a) The original (scheduled) situation
b) Incremental generation after losing 400 MW of generation in control
area B
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ET2105 Electrical Power System Essentials
Voltage Control and Reactive Power (1)
Automatic voltage control
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ET2105 Electrical Power System Essentials
Voltage Control and Reactive Power (2)
Tap-changing transformer
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ET2105 Electrical Power System Essentials
Voltage Control and Reactive Power (3)
Capacitor banks
Courtesy of TenneT TSO B.V.
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Reactive Power Injection
Current through a Thyristor Controlled Reactor
Static Var Compensator (SVC)
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ET2105 Electrical Power System Essentials
Controlling Active Power Flows
The Phase Shifter
Phasor diagram of the phase shifter
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ET2105 Electrical Power System Essentials
Controlling Reactive Power Flows (1)
A transmission line with a series capacitor
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ET2105 Electrical Power System Essentials
Controlling Reactive Power Flows (2)
Thyristor-controlled series capacitor
TCSC reactance as a function of the Thyristor firing angle