Impedance Transformation

Topics
Quality Factor
Series to parallel conversion
Low-pass RC
High-pass RL
Bandpass
Loaded Q
Impedance Transformation
Coupled Resonant Circuit
Recent implementation, if time
permits
Quality Factor
Quality Factor
Q is dimensionless

Quality factor of an inductor
(I
max
)

= =

2
2

2

2


=
2

=
2

2

2
2

Q=(L)/R
Please note that Q
is also equal to Q=Im(Z)/Re(Z)
Quality factor of Parallel RL
circuit
Q=Im(Z)/Re(Z)
Z=

||

+
=

+
=

()

2
+
2

Q=L(R
p
)
2
/(
2
L
2
R
p
)=R
p
/L

Quality factor of a Capacitor

= =

2
2

2
2


=
2

=
2

2
2
2

Q=CR
Please note that Q
is also equal to Q=Im(Z)/Re(Z)
Z is the impedance
of parallel RC
Quality factor of a Capacitor in
Series with a Resistor
Q=1/(CR
S
)
Please note that Q
is also equal to Q=Im(Z)/Re(Z)
Z is the impedance
of series RC
Low-Pass RC Filter
High-Pass Filter

lpf
=
hpf
=
2

LPF+HPF

lpf
=
hpf
LPF+HPF (Magnified)
Resistor Removed
Design Intuition
Circuit Quality Factor
Q=3.162/(5.129-1.95)=0.99
Mathematical Analysis
Transfer Function of a Bandpass
Filter
Resonant frequency
Cutoff Frequency
Bandwidth Calculation
=

Equivalent Circuit Approach
At resonant frequency, XP=1/(
o
C
p
)

Effect of the Source Resistance
Q=3.162/(0.664)=4.76
Effect of the Load Resistor
6 dB drop at resonance due to
the resistive divider.

Q=3.162/(7.762-1.318)=0.49

The loading will reduce the circuit Q.
Summary
Q=0.99
Q=4.79
Q=0.49
=

Design Constraints
Specs
Resonant Frequency: 2.4 GHz
R
S
=50 Ohms
R
L
=Infinity
List Q, C & L
=

Values
Q C L
0.5 0.663 pF 6.63 nH
1 1.326 pF 3.315 nH
10 13.26 pF 331.5 pH
Specs:
Resonant Frequency: 2.4 GHz
R
S
=50 Ohms
R
L
=Infinity
Design Example
Q=2.4/(2.523-2.286)=10.12
BW=237 MHz
Implement the Inductor
http://www-smirc.stanford.edu/spiralCalc.html
Resistance of Inductor
R=R
sh
(L/W)
R
sh
is the sheet resistance
Rsh is 22 mOhms per square for W=6um.
If the outer diameter is 135 um, the length is
approximately 135um x4=540 um.
R=22 mOhms x (540/6)=1.98 Ohms


Q=(L)/R=(22.4G0.336 nH)/1.98 =2.56
Include Resistor In the Tank
Circuitry
Q=2.427/(3.076-1.888)=2.04

Inclusion of parasitic resistance
reduces the circuit Q from 10.
Series to Parallel Conversion
Series to Parallel Conversion
We have an
open at DC!
We have resistor R
P
at DC!
It is NOT POSSIBLE to make these two circuits
Identical at all frequencies, but we can make
these to exhibit approximate behavior at certain frequencies.
Derivation
Q
S
=Q
P
R
P
Q
S
=1/(C
S
R
S
)
Cp
Q
S
=1/(C
S
R
S
)
Summary
Series to Parallel Conversion for
RL Circuits
Resistance of Inductor
R=R
sh
(L/W)
R
sh
is the sheet resistance
Rsh is 22 mOhms per square for W=6um.
If the outer diameter is 135 um, the length is
approximately 135um x4=540 um.
R=22 mOhms x (540/6)=1.98 Ohms


Q=(L)/R=(22.4G0.336 nH)/1.98 =2.56
R
p
=R
S
(1+Q
S
Q
S
)=1.98 Ohms(1+2.56x2.56)=14.96 Ohms
L
p
=L
S
(1+1/(Q
S
Q
S
))=331.5 pH(1+1/2.56/2.56)=382.08 nH
Insertion Loss Due to Inductor
Resistance
At resonant frequency, voltage divider ratio is
14.96/(14.96 +50 )=0.2303

Convert to loss in dB, 20log
10
(0.23)=-12.75 dB
Use Tapped-C Circuit to Fool the
Tank into Thinking It Has High R
S
Derivation

Previous Design Values
Q C L
0.5 0.663 pF 6.63 nH
1 1.326 pF 3.315 nH
10 13.26 pF 331.5 pH
Specs:
Resonant Frequency: 2.4 GHz
R
S
=50 Ohms
R
L
=Infinity
Design Problem
Knowns & Unknowns
Knowns:
R
S
=50 Ohms
CT=13.26 pF
Unknowns:
C
1
/C
2
R
S
Calculations
C
T
=C
1
/(1+C
1
/C
2
)
C
1
=C
T
(1+C
1
/C
2
)
C
1
/C
2
R
S
C
1
C
2
1 200 26.52 pF 26.52 pF
2 450 39.78 pF 19.89 pF
3 800 53.04 pF 17.68 pF
Include the Effect of Parasitic
Resistor