Elementary Mechanics of Fluids

CE 319 F
Daene McKinney
Energy
Equation
Energy
First Law of Thermodynamics
Where
E = energy of a system (extensive property)
Q = Heat added to the system
W = Work done by the system



Where
E
u
= Internal energy of the system
E
k
= Kinetic energy of the system
E
p
= Potential energy of the system


Intensive property (energy per unit mass)

p k u
E E E E + + =
dt
dW
dt
dQ
dt
dE
=
p k
e e u e + + =
Energy of a system changes as heat
is added to the system or work is
done on the system
Energy
2
2 /
2 2
V
M
MV
mass
mass of energy kinetic
e
k
=
A
A
= =
Kinetic energy per unit mass




Potential energy per unit mass
gz
z
mass
mass of energy potential
e
p
=
A
A
= =

Energy Equation
Reynolds Transport Theorem
}
+
}
=
CS CV
sys
d b d b
dt
d
dt
dB
A V


b = e ; B
sys
= E
}
+
}
=
CS CV
d e d e
dt
d
dt
dE
A V


}
+ + +
}
+ + =
CS
p k
CV
p k
d u e e d u e e
dt
d
dt
dW
dt
dQ
A V

) ( ) (
Rate of Work



Shaft work work done by a mechanical device which crosses the CS




Flow work work done by pressure forces on the CS


Viscous work work done by viscous stresses at the CS
Work
viscous flow shaft
dt
dW
dt
dW
dt
dW
dt
dW
+ + =
shaft
dt
dW
flow
dt
dW
viscous
dt
dW
Flow Work
Work occurs at the CS when a force associated with the normal stress of the fluid acts
over a distance. The normal stress equals the negative of the fluid pressure.
2 2 2 2 2 2
2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
A V

= =
A = A = A
p V A p
dt
dW
t V A p l A p W
1 1 1
1
A V

= p
dt
dW
}
=

=
CS
CS flow
d
p
p
dt
dW
A V A V

Energy Equation
}
+ + + +
}
+ + =
CS CV shaft
d u gz
V p
d u gz
V
dt
d
dt
dW
dt
dQ
A V

)
2
( )
2
(
2 2
Kinetic Energy Correction Factor
}
+ + + =
}
+ + + +
}
+ + =
CS
CS
CS CV shaft
d
V
u gz
p
d u gz
V p
d u gz
V
dt
d
dt
dW
dt
dQ
A V A V
A V

2
) (
)
2
( )
2
(
2
2 2
2 2
2 2
V
m d
V
CS


o =
}
A V
For nonuniform flows, this term
requires special attention
We can modify this kinetic
energy term by a dimensionless
factor, o, so that the integral is
proportional to the square of the
average velocity
}
=
A
d
A
V A V

1
where
} |
.
|

\
|
=
A
dA
V
V
A
3
1
o
and
2 2 1 1
A V A V A V m = = =
so 2 2
2
2
2
2 1 1
1
2
1
1
2 2
u gz
p V
u gz
p V
w q
shaft
+ + + = + + + +

o
shaft
shaft
dt
dW
m
w
dt
dQ
m
q

1
;
1
= =
Kinetic energy correction factor
Energy Equation for Pipe Flow
pump turbine shaft
w w w =
2 2
2
2
2
2 1 1
1
2
1
1
2 2
u gz
p V
u gz
p V
w q
shaft
+ + + = + + + +

o
) (
2 2
1 2 2
2
2
2
2 1
1
2
1
1
q u u w gz
p V
w gz
p V
turbine pump
+ + + + = + + +

o
2
2
2
2
2 1
1
2
1
1
2 2
z
p
g
V
h h h z
p
g
V
loss turbine pump
+ + = + + +

o
g
q u u
h
g
w
h
g
w
h
loss
turbine
turbine
pump
pump

= = =
1 2
; ;
Ex (7.35)
Given: P
A
= 10 psi (12 in dia. pipe), P
B
= 40
psi (6 in dia. pipe), Q=3.92 cfs
Find: Horsepower of pump
Solution:
s ft
A
Q
V
s ft
A
Q
V
B
B
A
A
/ 96 . 19
4 / ) 5 . 0 (
92 . 3
; / 99 . 4
4 / ) 1 (
92 . 3
2
2
= = =
= = =
t
t
hp
h Q
P
ft
g
p p
g
V V
h
z
p
g
V
h h h z
p
g
V
A B A B
pump
B
B B
B loss turbine pump A
A A
A
4 . 33
550
04 . 75 * 4 . 62 * 92 . 3
550
04 . 75
4 . 62
144 * ) 40 10 (
2
) 19 . 6 ( ) 99 . 4 (
2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
= = =
=

=
+ + = + + +

o
EGL & HGL for a Pipe System
Energy equation



All terms are in dimension of length (head, or
energy per unit weight)
HGL Hydraulic Grade Line



EGL Energy Grade Line



EGL=HGL when V=0 (reservoir surface, etc.)
EGL slopes in the direction of flow
2
2
2
2
2 1
1
2
1
1
2 2
z
p
g
V
h z
p
g
V
L
+ + = + +

o
z
p
HGL + =

g
V
HGL z
p
g
V
EGL
2 2
2 2
o

o + = + + =
EGL & HGL for a Pipe System
A pump causes an abrupt rise in EGL (and
HGL) since energy is introduced here
EGL & HGL for a Pipe System
A turbine causes an
abrupt drop in EGL
(and HGL) as energy
is taken out
Gradual expansion
increases turbine
efficiency

EGL & HGL for a Pipe System
When the flow passage changes diameter, the
velocity changes so that the distance between
the EGL and HGL changes
When the pressure becomes 0, the HGL
coincides with the system
EGL & HGL for a Pipe System
Abrupt expansion into reservoir causes a
complete loss of kinetic energy there
EGL & HGL for a Pipe System
When HGL falls below the pipe the pressure
is below atmospheric pressure
HW (7.8)
HW (7.16)
HW (7.27)
HW (7.27)
HW (7.41)