hollow, cone-shaped, weighs <1lb LOCATION: mediastinum Between the lungs APEX- towards the hips, rests diaphragm 5 th ICS BASE- towards the right shoulder, 2 nd rib.
PERICARDIUM- the heart is enclosed by a double sac of serous membrane.
DOUBLE SAC OF SEROUS PERICARDIUM: Outer parietal/inner parietal reinforced by a fibrous pericardium
WALLS(3 LAYERS) Epicardium (visceral pericardium)- tightly hugs the external surface of the heart and is actually part of the heart wall. Myocardium- muscle layer, and reinforced by fibrous connective tissue(heart skeleton) Endocardium- endothelium covering the chambers of the heart. -continous with the blood vessels -forms the heart valves
2 ATRIA Receiving chambers Thin-walled, low pressure ROLE: receive blood entering the heart Divided by the INTERATRIAL SEPTUM Pumping chambers Thick-walled, high pressure ROLE: pumps blood out the heart into the circulation Divided by the INTERVENTRICULAR SEPTUM RIGHT ATRIUM(RA) Receives blood from the rest of the body RIGHT VENTRICLE(RV) Forms most of the anterior surface LEFT ATRIUM (LA) Receives blood from the lungs LEFT VENTRICLE (LV) Forms the apex RIGHT SIDE
Pulmonary circuit pump Receives oxygen-poor blood from the veins Superior and inferior vena cava Pumps blood o the pulmonary trunk to pick up oxygen Pulmonary arteries to the lungs LEFT SIDE
SYSTEMIC CIRCUIT PUMP Receives oxygen-rich blood from the lungs (pulmonary veins) Pumps blood to the aorta to be distributed to the body PULMONARY CIRCULATION FROM THE R side of the heart , to the lungs , through L side of the heart FUNCTION: carry blood to the lungs for gas exchange
SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION FROM THE L side of the heart, to the body, through R side of the heart. FUNCTION: circulate blood to all body organs Function: allow one-way flow of blood through the heart
Chordae tendinae- tendinous chords that support heart valves
ATRIOVENTRICULAR VALVES(AV VALVES) Between the atria and ventricles BICUSPID/MITRAL VALVE-bet. LA and LV TRICUSPID VALVE- bet. RA and RV Guard the bases of the 2 large arteries leaving the heart.
PULMONARY VALVE- bet. RV and pulmonary trunk
AORTIC VALVE- bet. LV and AORTA Aneurysm - a localized abnormal dilation of a blood vessel, usually an artery. Angina Pectoris- discomfort around the heart, caused by insufficient blood supply to the heart. Arrhythmia- any abnormality in the rate of rhythm of the heartbeat. Also called dysrhytmia. Atherosclerosis- the development of fatty, fibrous patches in the lining of the arteries causing narrowing of the lumen and hardening of the vessel wall. Cyanosis- bluish discoloration of the skin due to lack of oxygen.
Dyspnea- difficulty in breathing. Embolism- obstruction of a blood vessel by a blood clot or other matter carried in the circulation. Fibrillation- spontaneous, quivering and ineffectual contraction of the muscle fibers. Infarction- localized necrosis of the tissue resulting from a blockage or narrowing of the artery that supplies the area.
Ischemia- local deficiency of blood supply due to obstruction in the circulation. Murmur-an abnormal heart sounds. Phlebitis- an inflammation of a vein. Stenosis- constriction or narrowing of an opening Stoke- sudden damage to the brain resulting from the reduction of blood flow. Causes include atherosclerosis, thrombosis, or bleeding from ruptured aneurysm.
Syncope- a temporary loss of consciousness due to inadequate blood supply to the brain.
Thrombosis- development of a blood clot within a vessel.
Thrombus- a blood clot that forms in a vessel. Artherectomy- removal of atheromatous plaque from the lining of a vessel.
Commissurotomy- surgical incision of a scarred mitral valve to increase the size of the valve. CABG(Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting) -surgical creation of shunt to by pass a blocked coronary artery.
PTCA( Percutanous Transluminal Coronary Andioplasty) - dilatation a blood vessel by means of a balloon catheter inserted into the vessel and then inflated to flatten plaque against the artery. AORTA- the largest artery. It receives blood from the left ventricle and branches to all parts of the body. APEX- the point of cone-shaped structure. ARTERY- a vessel that carries blood away from the heart. Most arteries carries oxygenated blood. ARTERIOLE- a small artery. ATRIUM- an entrance chamber. One of the two upper chamber of the hearth. Blood pressure- The force exerted by blood against the wall of a vessel.
Capillary- One of the millions microscopic blood vessel through which materials are exchanged between the blood and the tissue.
Diastole- The relaxation phase of the heart cycle.
Endocardium- The tin membrain that lines the chamber of the heart and covers the valves. Epicarduim- The thin outermost layer of the heart.
Heart sound- The sounds produced by the heart as it functions. Heard as the valve closes.
Myrocardium- The thick middle layer of the heart wall composed of cardiac muscle.
Pericardium- The fibrous sac that sorrounds the heart.
Sphygmomanometer- An instrument for determining the arterial BP. THE HUMAN HEART CONDUCTION SYSTEM Heart can contract spontaneously and independently. Regular and continuous contractions 2 systems regulate heart activity
AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM INTRINSIC CONDUCTION SYSTEM/ NODAL SYSTEM Built into the heart tissue
Sets the basic rhythm of the heart
Special tissues in the myocardium
Causes depolarization (action potential) in one direction
Sets basic heart rate (approximately 75 beats per minute) INTRINSIC CONDUCTION SYSTEM
SINOATRIAL NODE (SA NODE) pacemaker of the heart Highest rate of depolarization that sets the pace for heart beats Location: wall of RA
ATRIOVENTICULAR NODE (AV NODE) o Delays impulse briefly to allow atria to finish contraction o Location: right side AV septum
ATRIOVENTICULAR BUNDLE ( BUNDLE OF HIS) oLocation: IV septum
BUNDLE BRANCHES Purkinje fibers (heart muscle)
CONDUCTION SYSTEM PROBLEMS HEART BLOCK
o Anatomy: atria and ventricles separated by fibrous skeleton Impulse spreads from A V only through AV Node o Cause: damage to AV node o Effect: ventricles beat at their own rate (slower)
DAMAGE TO SA NODE
o Slower heart rate (bradycardia) o Treatment: pacemaker
FIBRILLATION o Cause: ischemia (lack of adequate blood supply to the heart) o Effect: rapid UNCOORDINATED shuddering of the heart
ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHY AND ELECTROCARDIOGRAM ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHY
Electrocardiograph- machine
Electrocardiogram- reading produced by the ECG
Function: trace the flow of current through the heart
Basis: as impulses pass through the heart, electrical currents are generated on the surface of the body
Normal ECG has 3 waves
o P wave- atrial depolarization o QRS complex- ventricular depolarization o T wave ventricular repolarization
ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHY
Abnormal ECG
oDifferent shape of the waves oDifferent timing of the waves oCould indicate
Myocardial infract ( dead cardiac tissue) fibrillation
CARDIAC CYCLE
Event that occur in one complete heartbeat
Involve 2 stages
o SYSTOLE (CONTRACTION) Pumping of blood by the ventricles
o DIASTOLE (RELAXATION) Filling of heart chambers with blood
o Normal: 75 bpm at 0.8 seconds per cycle CARDIAC CYCLE 1. mid-late diastole o Complete relaxation and low pressure in the heart o Blood flows passively INTO the heart o AV valves open, semilunar valves closed o Atria contract to actively pump blood to the ventricles
2. ventricular systole o Increasing pressure as ventricles contract o Semilunar valves open, semilunar valves closed o Atria are relaxed and filling with blood
3. early diastole o Ventricles relax and semilunar valves closed o Intraventicular pressure drops and AV valves open HEART SOUNDS
Heard with a stethoscope
Described as lub dup pause lub dup
1 st heart sound (lub) o caused by closing of AV valves o Longer and louder
2 nd heart sound (dup) o Caused by closing semilunar valves (end of systole) o Shorter and sharper CARDIAC OUTPUT (CO)
Amount of blood pumped by each side of the heart in 1 minute
CO= heart rate (HR) X stroke volume (SV)
Stroke volume= volume of blood pumped by each ventricle
Normal average CO
o Given normal SV= 70 ml/ min o Given normal HR= 75 bpm (beats per minute)
Varies depending on demands of the body CARDIAC OUTPUT (CO)
STROKE VOLUME
o Starlings law of the heart The most important factor affecting SV is how much the heart muscles are stretched just before they contract
o Venous return- important factor stretching the heart Amount of blood entering the heart and distending the ventricles Increased: slow heartbeat, exercise Decreased: blood loss, rapid HR CARDIAC OUTPUT (CO)
HEART RATE
o Maintains CO if SV decreases
o Controlled by the autonomic nervous system
Sympathetic stimulates SA and AV nodes Parasympathetic (vagus nerve)- slows down the heart
o Drugs, hormones and ions
Epinephrine- mimics effect of sympathetic NS Thyroxine- from the thyroid gland increases HR Low blood calcium or potassium- depress the heart
action of skeletal muscles Sympathetic nervous system
BLOOD VESSELS 3 Types Microscopic anatomy Structural differences gross anatomy Major arteries and veins Special circulations Physiology of circulation Arterial pulse Blood pressure Development aspects
Forms a closed system: VASCULAR SYSTEM
Function: transports blood
3 types
Arteries- receives blood from the heart o Carries oxygen- rich blood
Capillaries- supplies blood to every organ o Carries a mix of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood
Veins- brings blood back to the heart o Carries oxygen- poor blood MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY
TUNICS/ LAYERS
o 3 layers in arteries and veins, single layer in capillaries
o TUNICA INTIMA Inner lining Endothelium with basement membrane
o TUNICA MEDIA Middle layer that responds to sympathetic NS Smooth muscle and elastic fibers
o TUNICA EXTERNA Outer layer Fibrous connective tissue: rich in collagen
STRUCTURAL DIFFERENCES
ARTERIES o thicker walls, heavier tunica media
VEINS o Thinner walls, larger lumen o With valves that prevent backflow of blood
CAPILLARIES o 1 layer only: tunica intima o Microcirculation capillary beds o Vascular shunts v.s. true capillaries o Terminal arteriole precapillary sphincter postcapillary venule PATHWAY OF BLOOD
H arteries capillaries venules veinH
WHAT HELPS THE VEINS RETURN BLOOD TO THE HEART?
Valves Skeletal muscles Pressure changes in the thorax MAJOR ARTERIES
AORTA
o Largest artery in the body
o Emerges from the LV
o Different names depending on location
Ascending aorta Arch of aorta Thoracic aorta Abdominal aorta
THE AORTA
ASCENDING AORTA Left and right coronary
ARCH OF AORTA Brachiocephalic R common carotid and R subclavian L common carotid L internal carotid and L external carotid L subclavian vertebral o Become axillary brachial radial and ulnar
Celiac trunk L gastric, splenic, common hepatic Superior mesenteric (unpaired) Renal Gonadal Lumbar Inferior mesentric (unpaired) L and R common iliac external and internal iliac o External iliac femoral popliteal A and P tibial o Anterior tibial dorsalis pedis MAJOR VEINS Drain every organ in the body and returns it to the heart Veins are more superficial and easily seen and palpated Most follow the course of the arteries Naming is similar to the arteries they accompany 2 largest veins SUPERIOR VENA CAVA (SVC) o Drains the head and arms INFERIOR VENA CAVA (IVC) o Drains the lower body
VEINS that drain into SUPERIOIR VENA CAVA
Radial and ulnar brachial axillary subclavian Cephalic axillary Basilic brachial Cephalic and basilic median cubital (blood removal) Axillary and external jugular subclavian Vertebral and internal jugular R and L brachiocephalic SVC Azygos SVC
VEINS that drain into INFERIOIR VENA CAVA
A and P tibial, fibular popliteal femoral external iliac Dorsal venous arch great saphenous femoral External and internal iliac R and L common iliac IVC Cephalic and basilic median cubital (blood removal) R gonadal IVC L gonadal L renal IVC R renal IVC Hepatic portal IVC Hepatic IVC